Variable pitch fans for turbomachinery engines

ABSTRACT

A turbomachinery engine can include a fan assembly with a plurality of variable pitch fan blades. The fan blades are configured such that they define a first VPF parameter and a second VPF parameter. The first VPF parameter is within a range of 0.10 to 0.40 and is defined as the hub-to-tip radius ratio divided by the fan pressure ratio. The second VPF parameter is within a range of 1-30 lbf/in 2  and is defined as the bearing spanwise force divided by the fan area. In certain examples, the turbomachinery engine further includes a pitch change mechanism, a vane assembly, a core engine, and a gearbox.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 17/176,101, filed Feb. 15, 2021. The prior application isincorporated by reference.

FIELD

This disclosure relates generally to turbomachinery engines includingfan assemblies and, in particular, to apparatus and methods of directedto variable pitch fans for certain turbomachinery engine configurations.

BACKGROUND

A turbofan engine includes a core engine that drives a bypass fan. Thebypass fan generates the majority of the thrust of the turbofan engine.The generated thrust can be used to move a payload (e.g., an aircraft).

In some instances, a turbofan engine is configured as a direct driveengine. Direct drive engines are configured such that a power turbine(e.g., a low-pressure turbine) of the core engine is directly coupled tothe bypass fan. As such, the power turbine and the bypass fan rotate atthe same rotational speed (i.e., the same rpm).

In other instances, a turbofan engine can be configured as a gearedengine. Geared engines include a gearbox disposed between andinterconnecting the bypass fan and power turbine of the core engine. Thegearbox, for example, allows the power turbine of the core engine torotate at a different speed than the bypass fan. Thus, the gearbox can,for example, allow the power turbine of the core engine and the bypassfan to operate at their respective rotational speeds for maximumefficiency and/or power production.

In some instances, a propulsor of a turbomachinery engine can be a fanencased within a fan case and/or nacelle. This type of turbomachineryengine can be referred to as “a ducted engine.”

In other instances, a propulsor of a turbomachinery engine can beexposed (e.g., not within a fan case or a nacelle). This type ofturbomachinery engine can be referred to as “an open rotor engine” or an“unducted engine.”

In some instances, a turbofan engine can comprise a fixed pitch fan,which typical in commercial engines. In such configuration, the pitch ofthe fan is static and configured to accommodate various engine operatingconditions (e.g., takeoff, climb, cruise, approach, etc.).

In other instances, a turbofan engine can include a variable pitch fan.In such configurations, the pitch (or blade angle) of the fan can beadjusted to improve propulsive efficiency as the engine operatingconditions change.

Despite certain advantages, engines comprising a gearbox and/or avariable pitch fan can have one or more drawbacks. For example,including a gearbox and/or a variable pitch fan in a turbofan engineintroduces additional complexity to the engine. This can, for example,make engine development and/or manufacturing significantly moredifficult. As such, there is a need for improved turbofan enginescomprising a gearbox and/or a variable pitch fan. There is also a needfor devices and methods that can be used to develop and manufacturegeared turbofan engines with variable pitch fans more efficiently and/orprecisely.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION

Aspects and advantages of the disclosed technology will be set forth inpart in the following description, or may be obvious from thedescription, or may be learned through practice of the technologydisclosed in the description.

Various turbomachinery engines and gear assemblies are disclosed herein.The disclosed turbomachinery engines comprise a variable pitch fan(“VPF”). The disclosed engines can also comprise a gearbox in someconfigurations. The disclosed variable pitch fans are characterized by aplurality of fan parameters including a first VPF parameter defined asthe hub-to-tip radius ratio (“RR”) divided by the fan pressure ratio(“FPR”) and a second VPF parameter defined as the bearing spanwise force(“F_span”) divided by the fan area (“F_area”). The disclosed VPFparameters may also be used, for example, to aid the development ofvariable pitch fans and/or other engine configurations. The VPFparameters thus provide improved variable pitch fans and/or can helpsimplify one or more complexities of variable pitch fans and/or gearedturbomachinery engine development.

In some examples, a turbomachinery engine includes a fan assemblyincluding a plurality of fan blades. The fan blades are configured suchthat they define a first VPF parameter and a second VPF parameter. Insome instances, the first VPF parameter is within a range of 0.10 to0.40, and the second VPF parameter is within a range of 1-30 lbf/in². Insome examples, the turbomachinery engine further includes a pitch changemechanism, a vane assembly, a core engine, and a gearbox. The pitchchange mechanism is coupled to the plurality of fan blades andconfigured for adjusting a pitch of the plurality of fan blades. Thevane assembly includes a plurality of vanes disposed aft of the fanblades. The core engine includes one or more compressor sections and oneor more turbine sections. The gearbox includes an input and an output.The input is coupled to the one or more turbine sections of the coreengine and comprises a first rotational speed, and the output is coupledto the fan assembly and has a second rotational speed, which is lessthan the first rotational speed.

These and other features, aspects, and/or advantages of the presentdisclosure will become better understood with reference to the followingdescription and the claims. The accompanying drawings, which areincorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrateembodiments of the disclosed technology and, together with thedescription, serve to explain the principles of the disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts a cross-sectional schematic illustration of an exemplaryembodiment of a turbomachinery engine configured with an open rotorpropulsion system and a variable pitch fan.

FIG. 2 depicts a cross-sectional schematic illustration of an exemplaryembodiment of a turbomachinery engine comprising an open rotorpropulsion system, a variable pitch fan, a three-stream architecture,and one or more heat exchangers in a third stream of the three-streamarchitecture.

FIG. 3 depicts a cross-sectional schematic illustration of an exemplaryembodiment of a turbomachinery engine configured with a ductedpropulsion system and a variable pitch fan.

FIG. 4 depicts a cross-sectional schematic illustration of an exemplaryembodiment of a turbomachinery engine comprising a ducted propulsionsystem, a variable pitch fan, a three-stream architecture, and one ormore heat exchangers in a third stream of the three-stream architecture.

FIG. 5 depicts a cross-sectional schematic illustration of an exemplaryembodiment of a counter-rotating low-pressure turbine of aturbomachinery engine, the low-pressure turbine having a 3×3configuration.

FIG. 6 depicts a cross-sectional schematic illustration of an exemplaryembodiment of a counter-rotating low-pressure turbine of aturbomachinery engine, the low-pressure turbine having a 4×3configuration.

FIG. 7 depicts a cross-sectional schematic illustration of an exemplaryembodiment of a gearbox configuration for a turbomachinery engine.

FIG. 8 depicts a cross-sectional schematic illustration of an exemplaryembodiment of a gearbox configuration for a turbomachinery engine.

FIG. 9 depicts a cross-sectional schematic illustration of an exemplaryembodiment of a gearbox configuration for a turbomachinery engine.

FIG. 10 depicts a cross-sectional schematic illustration of an exemplaryembodiment of a gearbox configuration for a turbomachinery engine.

FIG. 11 depicts a cross-sectional schematic illustration of an exemplaryembodiment of a gearbox configuration for a turbomachinery engine.

FIG. 12 depicts an exemplary range of a first VPF parameter relative toan exemplary range of a second VPF parameter, which can be particularlyadvantageous for a turbomachinery comprising a variable pitch fan.

FIG. 13 depicts an exemplary range of a first VPF parameter relative toan exemplary range of a second VPF parameter, which can be particularlyadvantageous for a turbomachinery comprising a variable pitch fan.

FIG. 14 depicts an exemplary range of a first VPF parameter relative toan exemplary range of a second VPF parameter, which can be particularlyadvantageous for a turbomachinery comprising a variable pitch fan.

FIG. 15 depicts an exemplary range of a first VPF parameter relative toan exemplary range of a second VPF parameter, which can be particularlyadvantageous for a turbomachinery comprising a variable pitch fan.

FIG. 16 depicts an exemplary range of a first VPF parameter relative toan exemplary range of a second VPF parameter, which can be particularlyadvantageous for a turbomachinery comprising a variable pitch fan.

FIG. 17 depicts an exemplary range of a first VPF parameter relative toan exemplary range of a second VPF parameter, which can be particularlyadvantageous for a turbomachinery comprising a variable pitch fan.

FIG. 18 depicts an exemplary range of a first VPF parameter relative toan exemplary range of a second VPF parameter, which can be particularlyadvantageous for a turbomachinery comprising a variable pitch fan.

FIG. 19 depicts an exemplary range of a first VPF parameter relative toan exemplary range of a second VPF parameter, which can be particularlyadvantageous for a turbomachinery comprising a variable pitch fan.

FIG. 20 depicts an exemplary range of a first VPF parameter relative toan exemplary range of a second VPF parameter, which can be particularlyadvantageous for a turbomachinery comprising a variable pitch fan.

FIG. 21 depicts an exemplary range of a first VPF parameter relative toan exemplary range of a second VPF parameter, which can be particularlyadvantageous for a turbomachinery comprising a variable pitch fan.

FIG. 22 depicts an exemplary range of a first VPF parameter relative toan exemplary range of a second VPF parameter, which can be particularlyadvantageous for a turbomachinery comprising a variable pitch fan.

FIG. 23 depicts an exemplary range of a first VPF parameter relative toan exemplary range of a second VPF parameter, which can be particularlyadvantageous for a turbomachinery comprising a variable pitch fan.

FIG. 24 depicts an exemplary range of a first VPF parameter relative toan exemplary range of a second VPF parameter, which can be particularlyadvantageous for a turbomachinery comprising a variable pitch fan.

FIG. 25 depicts various fan parameters of several exemplaryturbomachinery engines comprising ducted variable pitch fans.

FIG. 26 depicts various fan parameters of several exemplaryturbomachinery engines comprising unducted variable pitch fans.

FIG. 27 depicts a partial cross-sectional schematic illustration of anexemplary embodiment of a turbomachinery engine configured with a ductedpropulsion system and a variable pitch fan.

FIG. 28 is perspective view of a variable pitch fan of the exemplaryturbomachinery engines disclosed herein.

FIG. 29 is a perspective view of a disk and trunnion mechanisms of theexemplary variable pitch fan of FIG. 28 .

FIG. 30 is a perspective view of a segment of the disk and one of theassociated trunnion mechanisms of FIG. 29 .

FIG. 31 is an exploded view of the trunnion mechanism shown in FIG. 29 .

FIG. 32 is a cross-sectional view of the segment of the disk and thetrunnion mechanism of FIG. 30 with a blade attached to the trunnionmechanism.

FIG. 33 is a side elevation view of a gas turbine engine fan rotorassembly including a hydraulic pitch change mechanism actuator assembly.

FIG. 34 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a fan assembly thatmay be implemented with the turbomachinery engines disclosed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference now will be made in detail to embodiments of the disclosedtechnology, one or more examples of which are illustrated in thedrawings. Each example is provided by way of explanation of thedisclosed technology, not limitation of the disclosure. In fact, it willbe apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications andvariations can be made in the present disclosure without departing fromthe scope or spirit of the disclosure. For instance, featuresillustrated or described as part of one embodiment can be used withanother embodiment to yield a still further embodiment. Thus, it isintended that the present disclosure covers such modifications andvariations as come within the scope of the appended claims and theirequivalents.

The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example,instance, or illustration.” Any implementation described herein as“exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred oradvantageous over other implementations.

As used herein, the terms “first”, “second”, and “third” may be usedinterchangeably to distinguish one component from another and are notintended to signify location or importance of the individual components.

The terms “forward” and “aft” refer to relative positions within a gasturbine engine or vehicle and refer to the normal operational attitudeof the gas turbine engine or vehicle. For example, with regard to a gasturbine engine, forward refers to a position closer to an engine inletand aft refers to a position closer to an engine nozzle or exhaust.

The terms “upstream” and “downstream” refer to the relative directionwith respect to fluid flow in a fluid pathway. For example, “upstream”refers to the direction from which the fluid flows, and “downstream”refers to the direction to which the fluid flows.

The terms “coupled,” “fixed,” “attached to,” and the like refer to bothdirect coupling, fixing, or attaching, as well as indirect coupling,fixing, or attaching through one or more intermediate components orfeatures, unless otherwise specified herein.

The singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural references unlessthe context clearly dictates otherwise.

Approximating language, as used herein throughout the specification andclaims, is applied to modify any quantitative representation that couldpermissibly vary without resulting in a change in the basic function towhich it is related. Accordingly, a value modified by a term or terms,such as “about,” “approximately,” and “substantially,” are not to belimited to the precise value specified. In at least some instances, theapproximating language may correspond to the precision of an instrumentfor measuring the value, or the precision of the methods or machines forconstructing or manufacturing the components and/or systems. Forexample, the approximating language may refer to being within a 1, 2, 4,5, 10, 15, or 20 percent margin in either individual values, range(s) ofvalues and/or endpoints defining range(s) of values.

Here and throughout the specification and claims, ranges of values arecombinable and interchangeable, such ranges are identified and includeall the sub-ranges contained therein unless context or languageindicates otherwise. For example, all ranges disclosed herein areinclusive of the endpoints, and the endpoints are independentlycombinable with each other.

Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 is an exemplary embodiment of anengine 100 including a gear assembly 102 according to aspects of thepresent disclosure. The engine 100 includes a fan assembly 104 driven bya core engine 106. In various embodiments, the core engine 106 is aBrayton cycle system configured to drive the fan assembly 104. The coreengine 106 is shrouded, at least in part, by an outer casing 114. Thefan assembly 104 includes a plurality of fan blades 108. A vane assembly110 extends from the outer casing 114 in a cantilevered manner. Thus,the vane assembly 110 can also be referred to as an unducted vaneassembly. The vane assembly 110, including a plurality of vanes 112, ispositioned in operable arrangement with the fan blades 108 to providethrust, control thrust vector, abate or re-direct undesired acousticnoise, and/or otherwise desirably alter a flow of air relative to thefan blades 108.

In some embodiments, the fan assembly 104 includes eight (8) totwenty-six (26) fan blades 108. In particular embodiments, the fanassembly 104 includes ten (10) to twenty-two (22) fan blades 108. Incertain embodiments, the fan assembly 104 includes twelve (12) toeighteen (18) fan blades 108. In some embodiments, the vane assembly 110includes three (3) to thirty (30) vanes 112. In certain embodiments, thevane assembly 110 includes an equal or fewer quantity of vanes 112 tofan blades 108. For example, in particular embodiments, the engine 100includes twelve (12) fan blades 108 and ten (10) vanes 112. In otherembodiments, the vane assembly 110 includes a greater quantity of vanes112 to fan blades 108. For example, in particular embodiments, theengine 100 includes ten (10) fan blades 108 and twenty-three (23) vanes112. In another particular embodiment, the engine includes fourteen (14)fan blades.

In certain embodiments, such as depicted in FIG. 1 , the vane assembly110 is positioned downstream or aft of the fan assembly 104. However, itshould be appreciated that in some embodiments, the vane assembly 110may be positioned upstream or forward of the fan assembly 104. In stillvarious embodiments, the engine 100 may include a first vane assemblypositioned forward of the fan assembly 104 and a second vane assemblypositioned aft of the fan assembly 104. The fan assembly 104 may beconfigured to desirably adjust pitch at one or more fan blades 108, suchas to control thrust vector, abate or re-direct noise, and/or alterthrust output. The vane assembly 110 may be configured to desirablyadjust pitch at one or more vanes 112, such as to control thrust vector,abate or re-direct noise, and/or alter thrust output. Pitch controlmechanisms at one or both of the fan assembly 104 or the vane assembly110 may co-operate to produce one or more desired effects describedabove.

In certain embodiments, such as depicted in FIG. 1 , the engine 100 isan un-ducted thrust producing system, such that the plurality of fanblades 108 is unshrouded by a nacelle or fan casing. As such, in variousembodiments, the engine 100 may be configured as an unshrouded turbofanengine, an open rotor engine, or a propfan engine. In particularembodiments, the engine 100 is an unducted rotor engine with a singlerow of fan blades 108. The fan blades 108 can have a large diameter,such as may be suitable for high bypass ratios, high cruise speeds(e.g., comparable to aircraft with turbofan engines, or generally highercruise speed than aircraft with turboprop engines), high cruise altitude(e.g., comparable to aircraft with turbofan engines, or generally highercruise speed than aircraft with turboprop engines), and/or relativelylow rotational speeds.

The fan blades 108 comprise a diameter (D_(fan)). It should be notedthat for purposes of illustration only half of the D_(fan) is shown(i.e., the radius of the fan). In some embodiments, the D_(fan) is72-216 inches. In particular embodiments the D_(fan) is 100-200 inches.In certain embodiments, the D_(fan) is 120-190 inches. In otherembodiments, the D_(fan) is 72-120 inches. In other embodiments, theD_(fan) is 80-100 inches. In yet other embodiments, the D_(fan) is 50-80inches.

In some embodiments, the fan blade tip speed at a cruise flightcondition can be 650 to 900 fps, or 700 to 800 fps. A fan pressure ratio(FPR) for the fan assembly 104 can be 1.04 to 1.10, or in someembodiments 1.05 to 1.08, as measured across the fan blades at a cruiseflight condition. In other examples, a fan pressure ratio for the fanassembly can be 1.05-1.5 (or 1.05-1.15 or 1.2-1.4) as measured at astatic sea-level takeoff operating condition.

Cruise altitude is generally an altitude at which an aircraft levelsafter climb and prior to descending to an approach flight phase. Invarious embodiments, the engine is applied to a vehicle with a cruisealtitude up to approximately 65,000 ft. In certain embodiments, cruisealtitude is between approximately 28,000 ft. and approximately 45,000ft. In still certain embodiments, cruise altitude is expressed in flightlevels (FL) based on a standard air pressure at sea level, in which acruise flight condition is between FL280 and FL650. In anotherembodiment, cruise flight condition is between FL280 and FL450. In stillcertain embodiments, cruise altitude is defined based at least on abarometric pressure, in which cruise altitude is between approximately4.85 psia and approximately 0.82 psia based on a sea-level pressure ofapproximately 14.70 psia and sea-level temperature at approximately 59degrees Fahrenheit. In another embodiment, cruise altitude is betweenapproximately 4.85 psia and approximately 2.14 psia. It should beappreciated that in certain embodiments, the ranges of cruise altitudedefined by pressure may be adjusted based on a different referencesea-level pressure and/or sea-level temperature.

The core engine 106 is generally encased in outer casing 114 definingone half of a core diameter (D_(core)), which may be thought of as themaximum extent from the centerline axis (datum for R). In certainembodiments, the engine 100 includes a length (L) from a longitudinally(or axial) forward end 116 to a longitudinally aft end 118. In variousembodiments, the engine 100 defines a ratio of L/D_(core) that providesfor reduced installed drag. In one embodiment, L/D_(core) is at least 2.In another embodiment, L/D_(core) is at least 2.5. In some embodiments,the L/D_(core) is less than 5, less than 4, and less than 3. In variousembodiments, it should be appreciated that the L/D_(core) is for asingle unducted rotor engine.

The reduced installed drag may further provide for improved efficiency,such as improved specific fuel consumption. Additionally, oralternatively, the reduced drag may provide for cruise altitude engineand aircraft operation at or above Mach 0.5. In certain embodiments, theL/D_(core), the fan assembly 104, and/or the vane assembly 110separately or together configure, at least in part, the engine 100 tooperate at a maximum cruise altitude operating speed betweenapproximately Mach 0.55 and approximately Mach 0.85; or betweenapproximately 0.72 to 0.85 or between approximately 0.75 to 0.85.

Referring still to FIG. 1 , the core engine 106 extends in a radialdirection (R) relative to an engine centerline axis 120. The gearassembly 102 receives power or torque from the core engine 106 through apower input source 122 and provides power or torque to drive the fanassembly 104, in a circumferential direction C about the enginecenterline axis 120, through a power output source 124.

The gear assembly 102 of the engine 100 can include a plurality ofgears, including an input and an output. The gear assembly can alsoinclude one or more intermediate gears disposed between and/orinterconnecting the input and the output. The input can be coupled to aturbine section of the core engine 106 and can comprise a firstrotational speed. The output can be coupled to the fan assembly and canhave a second rotational speed. In some embodiments, a gear ratio of thefirst rotational speed to the second rotational speed is greater than4.1 (e.g., within a range of 4.1-14.0).

The gear assembly 102 (which can also be referred to as “a gearbox”) cancomprise various types and/or configuration. For example, in someembodiments, the gearbox is an epicyclic gearbox configured in a stargear configuration. Star gear configurations comprise a sun gear, aplurality of star gears (which can also be referred to as “planetgears”), and a ring gear. The sun gear is the input and is coupled tothe power turbine (e.g., the low-pressure turbine) such that the sungear and the power turbine rotate at the same rotational speed. The stargears are disposed between and interconnect the sun gear and the ringgear. The star gears are rotatably coupled to a fixed carrier. As such,the star gears can rotate about their respective axes but cannotcollectively orbit relative to the sun gear or the ring gear. As anotherexample, the gearbox is an epicyclic gearbox configured in a planet gearconfiguration. Planet gear configurations comprise a sun gear, aplurality of planet gears, and a ring gear. The sun gear is the inputand is coupled to the power turbine. The planet gears are disposedbetween and interconnect the sun gear and the ring gear. The planetgears are rotatably coupled to a rotatable carrier. As such, the planetgears can rotate about their respective axes and also collectivelyrotate together with the carrier relative to the sun gear and the ringgear. The carrier is the output and is coupled to the fan assembly. Thering gear is fixed from rotation.

In some embodiments, the gearbox is a single-stage gearbox (e.g., FIGS.10-11 ). In other embodiments, the gearbox is a multi-stage gearbox(e.g., FIGS. 9 and 12 ). In some embodiments, the gearbox is anepicyclic gearbox. In some embodiments, the gearbox is a non-epicyclicgearbox (e.g., a compound gearbox—FIG. 13 ).

As noted above, the gear assembly can be used to reduce the rotationalspeed of the output relative to the input. In some embodiments, a gearratio of the input rotational speed to the output rotational speed isgreater than 4.1. For example, in particular embodiments, the gear ratiois within a range of 4.1-14.0, within a range of 4.5-14.0, or within arange of 6.0-14.0. In certain embodiments, the gear ratio is within arange of 4.5-12 or within a range of 6.0-11.0. As such, in someembodiments, the fan assembly can be configured to rotate at arotational speed of 700-1500 rpm at a cruise flight condition, while thepower turbine (e.g., the low-pressure turbine) is configured to rotateat a rotational speed of 2,500-15,000 rpm at a cruise flight condition.In particular embodiments, the fan assembly can be configured to rotateat a rotational speed of 850-1350 rpm at a cruise flight condition,while the power turbine is configured to rotate at a rotational speed of5,000-10,000 rpm at a cruise flight condition.

In some examples, a gear ratio of the input rotational speed to theoutput rotational speed is less than 6.0. Gear ratios less than six(e.g., 2.0-6.0) may be particularly suited for the ducted enginesdisclosed herein. For example, in particular embodiments, the gear ratiois within a range of 2.0-4.1, within a range of 2.5-3.75, or within arange of 3.2-4.1. In certain embodiments, the gear ratio is within arange of 3.0-3.5 or within a range of 3.25-3.55.

Various gear assembly configurations are depicted schematically in FIGS.9-13 . These gearboxes can be used any of the engines disclosed herein,including the engine 100. Additional details regarding the gearboxes areprovided below.

FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional view of an engine 200, which isconfigured as an exemplary embodiment of an open rotor propulsionengine. The engine 200 is generally similar to the engine 100 andcorresponding components have been numbered similarly. For example, thegear assembly of the engine 100 is numbered “102” and the gear assemblyof the engine 200 is numbered “202,” and so forth. In addition to thegear assembly 202, the engine 200 comprises a fan assembly 204 thatincludes a plurality of fan blades 208 distributed around the enginecenterline axis 220. Fan blades 208 are circumferentially arranged in anequally spaced relation around the engine centerline axis 220, and eachfan blade 208 has a root 225 and a tip 226, and an axial span definedtherebetween, as well as a central blade axis 228.

The core engine 206 includes a compressor section 230, a combustionsection 232, and a turbine section 234 (which may be referred to as “anexpansion section”) together in a serial flow arrangement. The coreengine 206 extends circumferentially relative to an engine centerlineaxis 220. The core engine 206 includes a high-pressure spool thatincludes a high-pressure compressor 236 and a high-pressure turbine 238operably rotatably coupled together by a high-pressure shaft 240. Thecombustion section 232 is positioned between the high-pressurecompressor 236 and the high-pressure turbine 238.

The combustion section 232 may be configured as a deflagrativecombustion section, a rotating detonation combustion section, a pulsedetonation combustion section, and/or other appropriate heat additionsystem. The combustion section 232 may be configured as one or more of arich-burn system or a lean-burn system, or combinations thereof. Instill various embodiments, the combustion section 232 includes anannular combustor, a can combustor, a cannular combustor, a trappedvortex combustor (TVC), or other appropriate combustion system, orcombinations thereof.

The core engine 206 also includes a booster or low-pressure compressorpositioned in flow relationship with the high-pressure compressor 236.The low-pressure compressor 242 is rotatably coupled with thelow-pressure turbine 244 via a low-pressure shaft 246 to enable thelow-pressure turbine 244 to drive the low-pressure compressor 242. Thelow-pressure shaft 246 is also operably connected to the gear assembly202 to provide power to the fan assembly 204, such as described furtherherein.

It should be appreciated that the terms “low” and “high,” or theirrespective comparative degrees (e.g., “lower” and “higher”, whereapplicable), when used with compressor, turbine, shaft, or spoolcomponents, each refer to relative pressures and/or relative speedswithin an engine unless otherwise specified. For example, a “low spool”or “low-speed shaft” defines a component configured to operate at arotational speed, such as a maximum allowable rotational speed, lowerthan a “high spool” or “high-speed shaft” of the engine. Alternatively,unless otherwise specified, the aforementioned terms may be understoodin their superlative degree. For example, a “low turbine” or “low-speedturbine” may refer to the lowest maximum rotational speed turbine withina turbine section, a “low compressor” or “low speed compressor” mayrefer to the lowest maximum rotational speed turbine within a compressorsection, a “high turbine” or “high-speed turbine” may refer to thehighest maximum rotational speed turbine within the turbine section, anda “high compressor” or “high-speed compressor” may refer to the highestmaximum rotational speed compressor within the compressor section.Similarly, the low-speed spool refers to a lower maximum rotationalspeed than the high-speed spool. It should further be appreciated thatthe terms “low” or “high” in such aforementioned regards mayadditionally, or alternatively, be understood as relative to minimumallowable speeds, or minimum or maximum allowable speeds relative tonormal, desired, steady state, etc. operation of the engine.

The compressors and/or turbines disclosed herein can include variousstage counts. As disclosed herein the stage count includes the number ofrotors or blade stages in a particular component (e.g., a compressor orturbine). For example, in some embodiments, a low-pressure compressorcan comprise 1-8 stages or more narrowly 3 or 4 stages, a high-pressurecompressor can comprise 8-15 stages or more narrowly 8-11 stages, or8-10 stages, or 8 or 9 stages, a high-pressure turbine comprises 1-2stages, and/or a low-pressure turbine comprises 3-7 stages, or morenarrowly 3-5 stages. For example, in certain embodiments, an engine cancomprise a one, two, or three stage low-pressure compressor, a 9 or 10stage high-pressure compressor, a one or two stage high-pressureturbine, and a 4 stage low-pressure turbine. As another example, anengine can comprise a three or four stage low-pressure compressor, a 10stage high-pressure compressor, a two stage high-pressure turbine, and a4 stage low-pressure turbine.

In some embodiments, a low-pressure turbine is a counter-rotatinglow-pressure turbine comprising inner blade stages and outer bladestages. The inner blade stages extend radially outwardly from an innershaft, and the outer blade stages extend radially inwardly from an outerdrum. In particular embodiments, the counter-rotating low-pressureturbine comprises three inner blade stages and three outer blade stages,which can collectively be referred to as a six stage low-pressureturbine. In other embodiments, the counter-rotating low-pressure turbinecomprises four inner blade stages and three outer blade stages, whichcan collectively be referred to as a seven stage low-pressure turbine.

As discussed in more detail below, the core engine 206 includes the gearassembly 202 that is configured to transfer power from the turbinesection 234 and reduce an output rotational speed at the fan assembly204 relative to the low-pressure turbine 244. Embodiments of the gearassembly 202 depicted and described herein can allow for gear ratiossuitable for large-diameter unducted fans (e.g., gear ratios of 4.1-4.5,4.1-14.0, 4.5-14.0, and/or 6.0-14.0). Additionally, embodiments of thegear assembly 202 provided herein may be suitable within the radial ordiametrical constraints of the core engine 206 within the outer casing214.

Various gearbox configurations are depicted schematically in FIGS. 9-13. These gearboxes can be used in any of the engines disclosed herein,including the engine 200. Additional details regarding the gearboxes areprovided below.

Engine 200 also includes a vane assembly 210 comprising a plurality ofvanes 212 disposed around engine centerline axis 220. Each vane 212 hasa root 248 and a tip 250, and a span defined therebetween. Vanes 212 canbe arranged in a variety of manners. In some embodiments, for example,they are not all equidistant from the rotating assembly.

In some embodiments, vanes 212 are mounted to a stationary frame and donot rotate relative to the engine centerline axis 220 but may include amechanism for adjusting their orientation relative to their axis 254and/or relative to the fan blades 208. For reference purposes, FIG. 2depicts a forward direction denoted with arrow F, which in turn definesthe forward and aft portions of the system.

As depicted in FIG. 2 , the fan assembly 204 is located forward of thecore engine 106 with the exhaust 256 located aft of core engine 206 in a“puller” configuration. Other configurations are possible andcontemplated as within the scope of the present disclosure, such as whatmay be termed a “pusher” configuration embodiment where the engine coreis located forward of the fan assembly. The selection of “puller” or“pusher” configurations may be made in concert with the selection ofmounting orientations with respect to the airframe of the intendedaircraft application, and some may be structurally or operationallyadvantageous depending upon whether the mounting location andorientation are wing-mounted, fuselage-mounted, or tail-mountedconfigurations.

Left- or right-handed engine configurations, useful for certaininstallations in reducing the impact of multi-engine torque upon anaircraft, can be achieved by mirroring the airfoils (e.g., 208, 212)such that the fan assembly 204 rotates clockwise for one propulsionsystem and counterclockwise for the other propulsion system.Alternatively, an optional reversing gearbox can be provided to permitsa common gas turbine core and low-pressure turbine to be used to rotatethe fan blades either clockwise or counterclockwise, i.e., to provideeither left- or right-handed configurations, as desired, such as toprovide a pair of oppositely-rotating engine assemblies can be providedfor certain aircraft installations while eliminating the need to haveinternal engine parts designed for opposite rotation directions.

The engine 200 also includes the gear assembly 202 which includes a gearset for decreasing the rotational speed of the fan assembly 204 relativeto the low-pressure turbine 244. In operation, the rotating fan blades208 are driven by the low-pressure turbine 244 via gear assembly 202such that the fan blades 208 rotate around the engine centerline axis220 and generate thrust to propel the engine 200, and hence an aircrafton which it is mounted, in the forward direction F.

In some embodiments, a gear ratio of the input rotational speed to theoutput rotational speed is greater than 4.1, such as between 4.1 and 4.5for a ducted turbofan with variable pitch and between 6.0 and 10.0 foran open rotor turbofan. For example, in particular embodiments, the gearratio is within a range of 4.1-14.0, within a range of 4.5-14.0, orwithin a range of 6.0-14.0. In certain embodiments, the gear ratio iswithin a range of 4.5-12 or within a range of 6.0-11.0. As such, in someembodiments, the fan assembly can be configured to rotate at arotational speed of 700-1500 rpm at a cruise flight condition, while thepower turbine (e.g., the low-pressure turbine) is configured to rotateat a rotational speed of 5,000-10,000 rpm at a cruise flight condition.In particular embodiments, the fan assembly can be configured to rotateat a rotational speed of 850-1350 rpm at a cruise flight condition,while the power turbine is configured to rotate at a rotational speed of5,500-9,500 rpm a cruise flight condition.

It may be desirable that either or both of the fan blades 208 or thevanes 212 to incorporate a pitch change mechanism such that the bladescan be rotated with respect to an axis of pitch rotation (annotated as228 and 254, respectively) either independently or in conjunction withone another. Such pitch change can be utilized to vary thrust and/orswirl effects under various operating conditions, including to provide athrust reversing feature which may be useful in certain operatingconditions such as upon landing an aircraft.

Vanes 212 can be sized, shaped, and configured to impart a counteractingswirl to the fluid so that in a downstream direction aft of both fanblades 208 and vanes 212 the fluid has a greatly reduced degree ofswirl, which translates to an increased level of induced efficiency.Vanes 212 may have a shorter span than fan blades 208, as shown in FIG.2 . For example, vanes 212 may have a span that is at least 50% of aspan of fan blades 208. In some embodiments, the span of the vanes canbe the same or longer than the span as fan blades 208, if desired. Vanes212 may be attached to an aircraft structure associated with the engine200, as shown in FIG. 2 , or another aircraft structure such as a wing,pylon, or fuselage. Vanes 212 may be fewer or greater in number than, orthe same in number as, the number of fan blades 208. In someembodiments, the number of vanes 212 are greater than two, or greaterthan four, in number. Fan blades 208 may be sized, shaped, and contouredwith the desired blade loading in mind.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2 , an annular 360-degree inlet 258 islocated between the fan assembly 204 and the vane assembly 210 andprovides a path for incoming atmospheric air to enter the core engine206 radially inwardly of at least a portion of the vane assembly 210.Such a location may be advantageous for a variety of reasons, includingmanagement of icing performance as well as protecting the inlet 258 fromvarious objects and materials as may be encountered in operation.

In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 2 , in addition to the open rotor orunducted fan assembly 204 with its plurality of fan blades 208, anoptional ducted fan assembly 260 is included behind fan assembly 204,such that the engine 200 includes both a ducted and an unducted fanwhich both serve to generate thrust through the movement of air atatmospheric temperature without passage through the core engine 206. Theducted fan assembly 260 is shown at about the same axial location as thevane 212, and radially inward of the root 248 of the vane 212.Alternatively, the ducted fan assembly 260 may be between the vane 212and core duct 262 or be farther forward of the vane 212. The ducted fanassembly 260 may be driven by the low-pressure turbine 244, or by anyother suitable source of rotation, and may serve as the first stage ofthe low-pressure compressor 242 or may be operated separately. Airentering the inlet 258 flows through an inlet duct 264 and then isdivided such that a portion flows through a core duct 262 and a portionflows through a fan duct 266. Fan duct 266 may incorporate one or moreheat exchangers 268 and exhausts to the atmosphere through anindependent fixed or variable nozzle 270 aft of the vane assembly 210,at the aft end of the fan cowl 252 and outside of the engine core cowl272. Air flowing through the fan duct 266 thus “bypasses” the core ofthe engine and does not pass through the core.

Thus, in the exemplary embodiment, engine 200 includes an unducted fanformed by the fan blades 208, followed by the ducted fan assembly 260,which directs airflow into two concentric or non-concentric ducts 262and 266, thereby forming a three-stream engine architecture with threepaths for air which passes through the fan assembly 204. The “firststream” of the engine 200 comprises airflow that passes through the vaneassembly 210 and/or outside the fan cowl 252. As such, the first streamcan be referred to as “the bypass stream” since the airflow of the firststream does not pass through the core duct 262. The first streamproduces the majority of the thrust of the engine 200 and can thus alsobe referred to as “the primary propulsion stream.” The “second stream”of the engine 200 comprises the airflow that flows into the inlet 258,through the inlet duct 264, through the core duct 262, and exits thecore nozzle 278. In this manner, the second stream can be referred to as“the core stream.” The “third stream” of the engine 200 comprises theairflow that flows into the inlet 258, through the inlet duct 264,through the fan duct 266, and exits the nozzle 270.

A “third stream” as used herein means a secondary air stream capable ofincreasing fluid energy to produce a minority of total thrust of anengine (e.g., the engine 200). Accordingly, in various embodiments thefan duct 266, having the one or heat exchangers 268 located within theflowpath of the fan duct 266, may be referred to as the “third-stream”of the three-stream engine architecture.

The pressure ratio of the third stream is higher than that of theprimary propulsion stream (i.e., the bypass stream). This thrust isproduced through a dedicated nozzle or through mixing of the secondarystream with a fan stream or a core stream (e.g., into a common nozzle).In certain exemplary embodiments the operating temperature of an airflowthrough the third stream is less than a maximum compressor dischargetemperature for the engine, and more specifically may be less than 350degrees Fahrenheit (such as less than 300 degrees Fahrenheit, such asless than 250 degrees Fahrenheit, such as less than 200 degreesFahrenheit, and at least as great as an ambient temperature). In certainexemplary embodiments these operating temperatures facilitate the heattransfer to or from the fluid in the third stream and a secondary fluidstream. Further, in certain exemplary embodiments, the airflow throughthe third stream may contribute less than 50% of the total engine thrust(and at least, e.g., 2% of the total engine thrust), and at a takeoffcondition, or more particularly while operating at a rated takeoff powerat sea level, static flight speed, 86 degrees Fahrenheit ambienttemperature operating conditions. Furthermore, in certain exemplaryembodiments the airstream, mixing, or exhaust properties (and therebythe aforementioned exemplary percent contribution to total thrust) ofthe third stream may passively adjust during engine operation or bemodified purposefully through use of engine control features (such asfuel flow, electric machine power, variable stators, variable inletguide vanes, valves, variable exhaust geometry, or fluidic features) toadjust or optimize overall system performance across a broad range ofpotential operating conditions.

In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 2 , a slidable, moveable,and/or translatable plug nozzle 274 with an actuator may be included inorder to vary the exit area of the nozzle 270. A plug nozzle istypically an annular, symmetrical device which regulates the open areaof an exit such as a fan stream or core stream by axial movement of thenozzle such that the gap between the nozzle surface and a stationarystructure, such as adjacent walls of a duct, varies in a scheduledfashion thereby reducing or increasing a space for airflow through theduct. Other suitable nozzle designs may be employed as well, includingthose incorporating thrust reversing functionality. Such an adjustable,moveable nozzle may be designed to operate in concert with other systemssuch as VBV's, VSV's, or blade pitch mechanisms and may be designed withfailure modes such as fully-open, fully-closed, or intermediatepositions, so that the nozzle 270 has a consistent “home” position towhich it returns in the event of any system failure, which may preventcommands from reaching the nozzle 270 and/or its actuator. In otherembodiments a static nozzle may be utilized.

In some embodiments, a mixing device 276 can be included in a region aftof a core nozzle 278 to aid in mixing the fan stream and the core streamto improve acoustic performance by directing core stream outward and fanstream inward.

Since the engine 200 shown in FIG. 2 includes both an open rotor fanassembly 204, a ducted fan assembly 260 and the third stream, theengine's thrust output and work split can be tailored to achievespecific thrust, fuel burn, thermal management, and/or acousticsignature objectives which may be superior to those of a typical ductedor unducted fan gas turbine propulsion assembly of comparable thrustclass. Operationally, the engine 200 may include a control system thatmanages the loading of the respective open and ducted fans, as well aspotentially the exit area of the variable fan nozzle, to providedifferent thrust, noise, cooling capacity and other performancecharacteristics for various portions of the flight envelope and variousoperational conditions associated with aircraft operation. For example,in climb mode the ducted fan may operate at maximum pressure ratiothere-by maximizing the thrust capability of stream, while in cruisemode, the ducted fan may operate a lower pressure ratio, raising overallefficiency through reliance on thrust from the unducted fan. Nozzleactuation modulates the ducted fan operating line and overall engine fanpressure ratio independent of total engine airflow. In otherembodiments, loading may be managed using a static nozzle.

As noted above, the third stream (e.g., the fan duct 266) may includeone or more heat exchangers 268 for removing heat from various fluidsused in engine operation (such as an air-cooled oil cooler (ACOC),cooled cooling air (CCA), etc.). Heat exchangers 268 located in thethird stream take advantage of the integration into the fan duct 266with reduced performance penalties (such as fuel efficiency and thrust)compared with traditional ducted fan architectures, due to not impactingthe primary source of thrust which is, in this case, the unducted fanstream. Heat exchangers may cool fluids such as gearbox oil, engine sumpoil, thermal transport fluids such as supercritical fluids orcommercially available single-phase or two-phase fluids (supercriticalCO2, EGV, Slither 800, liquid metals, etc.), engine bleed air, etc. Heatexchangers may also be made up of different segments or passages thatcool different working fluids, such as an ACOC paired with a fuelcooler. Heat exchangers 268 may be incorporated into a thermalmanagement system which provides for thermal transport via a heatexchange fluid flowing through a network to remove heat from a sourceand transport it to a heat exchanger.

The third stream can provide advantages in terms of reduced nacelledrag, enabling a more aggressive nacelle close-out, improved core streamparticle separation, and inclement weather operation. By exhausting thefan duct flow over the core cowl, this aids in energizing the boundarylayer and enabling the option of a steeper nacelle close out anglebetween the maximum dimension of the engine core cowl 272 and theexhaust 256. The close-out angle is normally limited by air flowseparation, but boundary layer energization by air from the fan duct 266exhausting over the core cowl reduces air flow separation. This yields ashorter, lighter structure with less frictional surface drag.

The fan assembly and/or vane assembly can be shrouded or unshrouded (asshown in FIGS. 1 and 2 ). Although not shown, an optional annular shroudor duct can be coupled to the vane assembly 210 and located distallyfrom the engine centerline axis 220 relative to the vanes 212. Inaddition to the noise reduction benefit, the duct may provide improvedvibratory response and structural integrity of the vanes 212 by couplingthem into an assembly forming an annular ring or one or morecircumferential sectors, i.e., segments forming portions of an annularring linking two or more of the vanes 212. The duct may also allow thepitch of the vanes to be varied more easily. For example, FIGS. 3-4 ,discussed in more detail below, disclose embodiments in which both thefan assembly and vane assembly are shrouded.

Although depicted above as an unshrouded or open rotor engine in theembodiments depicted above, it should be appreciated that aspects of thedisclosure provided herein may be applied to shrouded or ducted engines,partially ducted engines, aft-fan engines, or other turbomachineryconfigurations, including those for marine, industrial, oraero-propulsion systems. Certain aspects of the disclosure may beapplicable to turbofan, turboprop, or turboshaft engines. However, itshould be appreciated that certain aspects of the disclosure may addressissues that may be particular to unshrouded or open rotor engines, suchas, but not limited to, issues related to gear ratios, fan diameter, fanspeed, length (L) of the engine, maximum diameter of the core engine(Dcore) of the engine, L/Dcore of the engine, desired cruise altitude,and/or desired operating cruise speed, or combinations thereof.

The unducted engines 100, 200 can comprise pitch change mechanismconfigured for adjusting the pitch for fan. In this manner the fans ofthe engines 100, 200 are VPFs. For example, the engine 200 comprises apitch change mechanism 282 coupled to the fan assembly 204 andconfigured to vary the pitch of the fan blades 208. In certainembodiments, the pitch change mechanism 282 can be a linear actuatedpitch change mechanism.

FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a gas turbine engine inaccordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. Moreparticularly, for the embodiment of FIG. 3 , the gas turbine engine is ahigh-bypass turbofan jet engine 300, referred to herein as “turbofanengine 300.” As shown in FIG. 3 , the turbofan engine 300 defines anaxial direction A (extending parallel to a longitudinal centerline 302provided for reference) and a radial direction R (extendingperpendicular to the axial direction A). In general, the engine 300includes a fan section 304 and a core engine 306 disposed downstreamfrom the fan section 304. The engine 300 also includes a gear assemblyor power gear box 336 having a plurality of gears for coupling a gasturbine shaft to a fan shaft. The position of the power gear box 336 isnot limited to that as shown in the exemplary embodiment of the engine300. For example, the position of the power gear box 336 may vary alongthe axial direction A.

The exemplary core engine 306 depicted generally includes asubstantially tubular outer casing 308 that defines an annular inlet310. The outer casing 308 encases, in serial flow relationship, acompressor section including a booster or low-pressure (LP) compressor312 and a high-pressure (HP) compressor 314; a combustion section 316; aturbine section including a high-pressure (HP) turbine 318 and alow-pressure (LP) turbine 320; and a jet exhaust nozzle section 322. Ahigh-pressure (HP) shaft or spool 324 drivingly connects the HP turbine318 to the HP compressor 314. A low-pressure (LP) shaft or spool 326drivingly connects the LP turbine 320 to the LP compressor 312.Additionally, the compressor section, combustion section 316, andturbine section together define at least in part a core air flowpath 327extending therethrough.

A gear assembly of the present disclosure is compatible with standardfans, variable pitch fans, or other configurations. For the embodimentdepicted, the fan section 304 includes a variable pitch fan 328 having aplurality of fan blades 330 coupled to a disk 332 in a spaced apartmanner. As depicted, the fan blades 330 extend outwardly from disk 332generally along the radial direction R. Each fan blade 330 is rotatablerelative to the disk 332 about a pitch axis P by virtue of the fanblades 330 being operatively coupled to a suitable actuation member 334configured to collectively vary the pitch of the fan blades 330. The fanblades 330, disk 332, and actuation member 334 are together rotatableabout the longitudinal axis 302 by LP shaft 326 across a gear assemblyor power gear box 336. A gear assembly 336 may enable a speed changebetween a first shaft, e.g., LP shaft 326, and a second shaft, e.g., LPcompressor shaft and/or fan shaft. For example, in one embodiment, thegear assembly 336 may be disposed in an arrangement between a firstshaft and a second shaft such as to reduce an output speed from oneshaft to another shaft.

More generally, the gear assembly 336 can be placed anywhere along theaxial direction A to decouple the speed of two shafts, whenever it isconvenient to do so from a component efficiency point of view, e.g.,faster LP turbine and slower fan and LP compressor or faster LP turbineand LP compressor and slower fan.

Referring still to the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 3 , the disk 332 iscovered by rotatable front nacelle 338 aerodynamically contoured topromote an airflow through the plurality of fan blades 330.Additionally, the exemplary fan section 304 includes an annular fancasing or outer nacelle 340 that circumferentially surrounds the fan 328and/or at least a portion of the core engine 306. The nacelle 340 is,for the embodiment depicted, supported relative to the core engine 306by a plurality of circumferentially-spaced outlet guide vanes 342.Additionally, a downstream section 344 of the nacelle 340 extends overan outer portion of the core engine 306 so as to define a bypass airflowpassage 346 therebetween.

During operation of the turbofan engine 300, a volume of air 348 entersthe engine 300 through an associated inlet 350 of the nacelle 340 and/orfan section 304. As the volume of air 348 passes across the fan blades330, a first portion of the air 348 as indicated by arrows 352 isdirected or routed into the bypass airflow passage 346 and a secondportion of the air 348 as indicated by arrow 354 is directed or routedinto the LP compressor 312. The ratio between the first portion of air352 and the second portion of air 354 is commonly known as a bypassratio. The pressure of the second portion of air 354 is then increasedas it is routed through the high-pressure (HP) compressor 314 and intothe combustion section 316, where it is mixed with fuel and burned toprovide combustion gases 356.

The combustion gases 356 are routed through the HP turbine 318 where aportion of thermal and/or kinetic energy from the combustion gases 356is extracted via sequential stages of HP turbine stator vanes 358 thatare coupled to the outer casing 308 and HP turbine rotor blades 360 thatare coupled to the HP shaft or spool 324, thus causing the HP shaft orspool 324 to rotate, thereby supporting operation of the HP compressor314. The combustion gases 356 are then routed through the LP turbine 320where a second portion of thermal and kinetic energy is extracted fromthe combustion gases 356 via sequential stages of LP turbine statorvanes 362 that are coupled to the outer casing 308 and LP turbine rotorblades 364 that are coupled to the LP shaft or spool 326, thus causingthe LP shaft or spool 326 to rotate, thereby supporting operation of theLP compressor 312 and/or rotation of the fan 328.

The combustion gases 356 are subsequently routed through the jet exhaustnozzle section 322 of the core engine 306 to provide propulsive thrust.Simultaneously, the pressure of the first portion of air 352 issubstantially increased as the first portion of air 352 is routedthrough the bypass airflow passage 346 before it is exhausted from a fannozzle exhaust section 366 of the engine 300, also providing propulsivethrust. The HP turbine 318, the LP turbine 320, and the jet exhaustnozzle section 322 at least partially define a hot gas path 368 forrouting the combustion gases 356 through the core engine 306.

For example, FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional schematic illustration of anexemplary embodiment of an engine 400 that includes a gear assembly 402in combination with a ducted fan assembly 404 and a core engine 406.However, unlike the open rotor configuration of the engine 200, the fanassembly 404 and its fan blades 408 are contained within an annular fancase 480 (which can also be referred to as “a nacelle”) and the vaneassembly 410 and the vanes 412 extend radially between the fan cowl 452(and/or the engine core cowl 472) and the inner surface of the fan case480, thereby defining the bypass stream. As discussed above, the gearassemblies disclosed herein can provide for increased gear ratios for afixed gear envelope (e.g., with the same size ring gear), oralternatively, a smaller diameter ring gear may be used to achieve thesame gear ratios.

The core engine 406 comprises a compressor section 430, a combustorsection 432, and a turbine section 434. The compressor section 430 caninclude a high-pressure compressor 436 and a booster or a low-pressurecompressor 442. The turbine section 434 can include a high-pressureturbine 438 and a low-pressure turbine 444. The low-pressure compressor442 is positioned forward of and in flow relationship with thehigh-pressure compressor 436. The low-pressure compressor 442 isrotatably coupled with the low-pressure turbine 444 via a low-pressureshaft 446 to enable the low-pressure turbine 444 to drive thelow-pressure compressor 442 (and a ducted fan 460). The low-pressureshaft 446 is also operably connected to the gear assembly 402 to providepower to the fan assembly 404. The high-pressure compressor 436 isrotatably coupled with the high-pressure turbine 438 via a high-pressureshaft 440 to enable the high-pressure turbine 438 to drive thehigh-pressure compressor 436.

One portion of the airflow from the ducted fan 460 can be directed intothe core engine 406 (i.e., a second stream). Another portion of theairflow from the ducted fan 460 can be directed into a third stream 407defined by the inner surface of the fan cowl 452 and the outer surfaceof the engine core cowl 472. In some examples, the third stream cancomprise one or more heat exchangers.

The engine 400 (and/or the engine 300) comprises a pitch changemechanism 482 coupled to the fan assembly 404 and configured to vary thepitch of the fan blades 408. In certain embodiments, the pitch changemechanism 482 can be a linear actuated pitch change mechanism.

In some embodiments, the engine 400 can comprise a variable fan nozzle.Operationally, the engine 400 may include a control system that managesthe loading of the fan, as well as potentially the exit area of thevariable fan nozzle, to provide different thrust, noise, coolingcapacity and other performance characteristics for various portions ofthe flight envelope and various operational conditions associated withaircraft operation. For example, nozzle actuation modulates the fanoperating line and overall engine fan pressure ratio independent oftotal engine airflow. In other examples, the engine can comprise astatic nozzle.

In some embodiments, an engine (e.g., the engine 100, the engine 200,and/or the engine 400) can comprise a counter-rotating low-pressureturbine. For example, FIGS. 5-6 depict schematic cross-sectionalillustrations of counter-rotating low-pressure turbines. In particular,FIG. 5 depicts a counter-rotating turbine 500, and FIG. 6 depicts acounter-rotating turbine 600. The counter-rotating turbines compriseinner blade stages and outer blade stages arranged in an alternatinginner-outer configuration. In other words, the counter-rotating turbinesdo not comprise stator vanes disposed between the blade stages.

Referring to FIG. 5 , the counter-rotating turbine 500 comprises aplurality of inner blade stages 502 and a plurality of outer bladestages 504. More specifically, the counter-rotating turbine 500 includesthree inner blades stages 502 that are coupled to and extend radiallyoutwardly from an inner shaft 506 (which can also be referred to as “arotor”) and three outer blade stages 504 that are coupled to extendradially inwardly from an outer shaft 508 (which can also be referred toas “a drum”). In this manner, the counter-rotating turbine 500 can beconsidered a six stage turbine.

Referring to FIG. 6 , the counter-rotating turbine 600 comprises aplurality of inner blade stages 602 and a plurality of outer bladestages 604. More specifically, the counter-rotating turbine 600 includesfour inner blades stages 602 that are coupled to and extend radiallyoutwardly from an inner shaft 606 and three outer blade stages 604 thatare coupled to extend radially inwardly from an outer shaft 608. In thismanner, the counter-rotating turbine 600 can be considered a seven stageturbine.

According to some embodiments there is a turbomachinery characterized bya high gear ratio. A high gear ratio gearbox means a gearbox with a gearratio of above about 4:1 to about 14:1 (or about 4.5:1 to about 12:1 inparticular embodiments). For example, the engines disclosed herein caninclude a gearbox configured such the output speed (i.e., the speed ofthe propulsor) is about 400-1200 rpm at a cruise flight condition, ormore particularly 450-1000 rpm at a cruise flight condition.

Various exemplary gear assemblies are shown and described herein. Inparticular, FIGS. 7-11 schematically depict several exemplary gearassemblies that can be used with the engines 100, 200, 300, 400. Thedisclosed gear assemblies may be utilized with any of the exemplaryengines and/or any other suitable engine for which such gear assembliesmay be desirable. In such a manner, it will be appreciated that the gearassemblies disclosed herein may generally be operable with an enginehaving a rotating element with a plurality of rotor blades and aturbomachinery having a turbine and a shaft rotatable with the turbine.With such an engine, the rotating element (e.g., fan assembly 104) maybe driven by the shaft (e.g., low-pressure shaft) of the turbomachinerythrough the gear assembly.

Although the exemplary gear assemblies shown are mounted at a forwardlocation (e.g., forward from the combustor and/or the low-pressurecompressor), in other embodiments, the gear assemblies described hereincan be mounted at an aft location (e.g., aft of the combustor and/or thelow-pressure turbine).

Various embodiments of the gear assembly provided herein may allow forgear ratios of up to 14:1 (e.g., 2:1 to 14:1). Still various embodimentsof the gear assemblies provided herein may allow for gear ratios of atleast 4.1:1 or 4.5:1. Still yet various embodiments of the gearassemblies provided herein allow for gear ratios of 6:1 to 12:1.

FIG. 7 schematically depicts a gearbox 700 that can be used, forexample, with engines 100, 200, 300, 400. The gearbox 700 comprises atwo-stage star configuration.

The first stage of the gearbox 700 includes a first-stage sun gear 702,a first-stage carrier 704 housing a plurality of first-stage star gears,and a first-stage ring gear 706. The first-stage sun gear 702 can becoupled to a low-pressure shaft 708, which in turn is coupled to thelow-pressure turbine of the engine. The first-stage sun gear 702 canmesh with the first-stage star gears, which mesh with the first-stagering gear. The first-stage carrier 704 can be fixed from rotation by asupport member 710.

The second stage of the gearbox 700 includes a second-stage sun gear712, a second-stage carrier 714 housing a plurality of second-stage stargears, and a second-stage ring gear 716. The second-stage sun gear 712can be coupled to a shaft 718 which in turn is coupled to thefirst-stage ring gear 706. The second-stage carrier 714 can be fixedfrom rotation by a support member 720. The second-stage ring gear 716can be coupled to a fan shaft 722.

In some embodiments, each stage of the gearbox 700 can comprise fivestar gears. In other embodiments, the gearbox 700 can comprise fewer ormore than five star gears in each stage. In some embodiments, thefirst-stage carrier can comprise a different number of star gears thanthe second-stage carrier. For example, the first-stage carrier cancomprise five star gears, and the second-stage carrier can comprisethree star gears, or vice versa.

In some embodiments, the radius R₁ of the gearbox 700 can be about 16-19inches. In other embodiments, the radius R₁ of the gearbox 700 can beabout 22-24 inches. In other embodiments, the radius R₁ of the gearbox700 can be smaller than 16 inches or larger than 24 inches.

FIG. 8 schematically depicts a gearbox 800 that can be used, forexample, with engines 100, 200, 300, 400. The gearbox 800 comprises asingle-stage star configuration. The gearbox 800 includes a sun gear802, a carrier 804 housing a plurality of star gears (e.g., 3-5 stargears), and a ring gear 806. The sun gear 802 can mesh with the stargears, and the star gears can mesh with the ring gear 806. The sun gear802 can be coupled to a low-pressure shaft 808, which in turn is coupledto the low-pressure turbine of the engine. The carrier 804 can be fixedfrom rotation by a support member 810. The ring gear 806 can be coupledto a fan shaft 812.

In some embodiments, the radius R₂ of the gearbox 800 can be about 18-23inches. In other embodiments, the radius R₂ of the gearbox 700 can besmaller than 18 inches or larger than 23 inches.

FIG. 9 schematically depicts a gearbox 900 that can be used, forexample, with engines 100, 200, 300, 400. The gearbox 900 comprises asingle-stage star configuration. The gearbox 900 includes a sun gear902, a carrier 904 housing a plurality of star gears (e.g., 3-5 stargears), and a ring gear 906. The sun gear 902 can mesh with the stargears, and the star gears can mesh with the ring gear 906. The sun gear902 can be coupled to a low-pressure shaft 908, which in turn is coupledto the low-pressure turbine of the engine. The carrier 904 can be fixedfrom rotation by a support member 910. The ring gear 906 can be coupledto a fan shaft 912.

In some embodiments, the radius R₃ of the gearbox 900 can be about 10-13inches. In other embodiments, the radius R₃ of the gearbox 900 can besmaller than 10 inches or larger than 13 inches.

FIG. 10 schematically depicts a gearbox 1000 that can be used, forexample, with engines 100, 200, 300, 400. The gearbox 1000 comprises atwo-stage configuration in which the first stage is a star configurationand the second stage is a planet configuration.

The first stage of the gearbox 1000 includes a first-stage sun gear1002, a first-stage star carrier 1004 comprising a plurality offirst-stage star gears (e.g., 3-5 star gears), and a first-stage ringgear 1006. The first-stage sun gear 1002 can mesh with the first-stagestar gears, and the first-stage star gears can mesh with the first-stagering gear 1006. The first-stage sun gear 1002 can be coupled to ahigher-speed shaft 1008 of the low spool, which in turn is coupled tothe inner blades of the low-pressure turbine of the engine. Thefirst-stage star carrier 1004 can be fixed from rotation by a supportmember 1010.

The second stage of the gearbox 1000 includes a second-stage sun gear1012, a second-stage planet carrier 1014 comprising a plurality ofsecond-stage planet gears (e.g., 3-5 planet gears), and a second-stagering gear 1016. The second-stage sun gear 1012 can mesh with thesecond-stage planet gears. The second-stage planet carrier 1014 can becoupled to the first-stage ring gear 1006. The second-stage sun gear1012 can be coupled to a lower-speed shaft 1018 of the low spool, whichin turn is coupled to the outer blades of the low-pressure turbine ofEngine 4. The second-stage planet carrier 1014 can be coupled to thefirst-stage ring gear 1006. The second-stage planet carrier 1014 canalso be coupled to a fan shaft 1020. The second-stage ring gear 1016 canbe fixed from rotation by a support member 1022.

In some embodiments, each stage of the gearbox 1000 can comprise threestar/planet gears. In other embodiments, the gearbox 1000 can comprisefewer or more than three star/planet gears in each stage. In someembodiments, the first-stage carrier can comprise a different number ofstar gears than the second-stage carrier has planet gears. For example,the first-stage carrier can comprise five star gears, and thesecond-stage carrier can comprise three planet gears, or vice versa.

Since the first stage of the gearbox 1000 is coupled to the higher-speedshaft 1008 of the low spool and the second stage of the gearbox 1000 iscoupled to the lower-speed shaft 1018 of the low spool, the gear ratioof the first stage of the gearbox 1000 can be greater than the gearratio of the second stage of the gearbox. For example, in certainembodiments, the first stage of the gearbox can comprise a gear ratio of4.1-14, and the second stage of the gearbox can comprise a gear ratiothat is less than the gear ratio of the first stage of the gearbox. Inparticular embodiments, the first stage of the gearbox can comprise agear ratio of 7, and the second stage of the gearbox can comprise a gearratio of 6.

In some embodiments, an engine comprising the gearbox 1000 can beconfigured such that the higher-speed shaft 1008 provides about 50% ofthe power to the gearbox 1000 and the lower-speed shaft 1018 providesabout 50% of the power to the gearbox 1000. In other embodiments, anengine comprising the gearbox 1000 can be configured such that thehigher-speed shaft 1008 provides about 60% of the power to the gearbox1000 and the lower-speed shaft 1018 provides about 40% of the power tothe gearbox 1000.

In some embodiments, the radius R₄ of the gearbox 1000 can be about18-22 inches. In other embodiments, the radius R₄ of the gearbox 700 canbe smaller than 18 inches or larger than 22 inches.

FIG. 11 depicts a gearbox 1100 that can be used, for example, with theengines disclosed herein (e.g., the engines 100, 200, 300, 400). Thegearbox 1100 is configured as a compound star gearbox. The gearbox 1100comprises a sun gear 1102 and a star carrier 1104, which includes aplurality of compound star gears having one or more first portions 1106and one or more second portions 1108. The gearbox 1100 further comprisesa ring gear 1110. The sun gear 1102 can also mesh with the firstportions 1106 of the star gears. The star carrier can be fixed fromrotation via a support member 1114. The second portions 1108 of the stargears can mesh with the ring gear 1110. The sun gear 1102 can be coupledto a low-pressure turbine via the turbine shaft 1112. The ring gear 1110can be coupled to a fan shaft 1116.

The gear assemblies shown and described herein can be used with anysuitable engine. For example, although FIG. 4 shows an optional ductedfan and optional fan duct (similar to that shown in FIG. 2 ), it shouldbe understood that such gear assemblies can be used with other ductedturbofan engines (e.g., the engine 300) and/or other open rotor enginesthat do not have one or more of such structures.

The engines depicted in FIGS. 1-4 are configured such that the fanassembly and the core engine are concentric (i.e., the rotate about acommon axis, which may also be referred to as “coaxial”). In otherembodiments, an engine can be configured such that the fan assemblyrotates about a first axis and the core engine rotates about a secondaxis that are non-concentric (also referred to as “eccentric”).

Each embodiment of a turbomachinery disclosed herein comprises avariable pitch fan (“VPF”) and actuation member (e.g., the actuationmember 334), which may also be referred to as a pitch change mechanism.The disclosed engines can also comprise a gearbox. Adoption of avariable pitch fan provides one or more advantages (e.g., increasedpropulsive efficiency) and also presents significant challenges. Forexample, incorporating variable pitch fan blades creates challenges withthe mechanical packaging and mechanical integration including thepackaging and integration of the actuation member and coupling betweenthe blades and actuation member. Turbomachinery that instead have afixed pitch for fan blades are comparatively simpler to implement. Forexample, when a fixed pitch turbomachinery is adopted, it is much easierto achieve a reduction in fan radius ratio (as defined below) becauseless space is needed for packaging and integration of a fan blade belowthe blade root, e.g., less space is needed because attachment of a bladeis made directly to the fan disk as opposed to through a bearingassembly. The desire to achieve an acceptable fan radius ratio whileproviding a variable pitch capability for a fan blade, and arriving at aturbomachinery design incorporating such a capability while satisfyingother necessary requirements, such as acceptable reliability for itsintended use, mission requirements, etc., safety margin in the event of,e.g., debris impacting and damaging a fan blade, and accessibility forservicing of a variable pitch fan, blade replacement, etc. presentsformidable challenges to overcome.

Starting from this basis, the inventors set out to define the variousdemands on a variable pitch fan and then constructed a variety ofembodiments to meet those varying demands. During the process ofdeveloping the aforementioned embodiments of turbomachinery enginescomprising variable pitch fans, the inventors discovered, unexpectedly,that a few particular fan parameters arranged in a unique combinationprovided a good approximation for an overall variable pitch fan design.More specifically, the inventors discovered that certain ranges ofvalues defining embodiments of a variable pitch fan including, but notlimited to bearing size, shape, orientation, material, etc., can informthe skilled artisan of the positive and negative attributes of choosingone embodiment over another, and as a function of the performancerequirements of the turbomachinery. Thus, the inventors realized theyhad discovered values defining not only benefits but also penaltiesassociated with choosing one design over another depending on therequirements of the engine (e.g., blade size, tip speed of fan,packaging, integration, etc.). The embodiments defined by these VPFparameters, as they are called, therefore provide a significant benefitbecause they define a design space down to a reduced number of practicalembodiments based on the underlying structural requirements needed tomeet the demand. Those structural requirements implicated are withrespect to demands such as achieving a particular weight, size, drag,and/other factors relevant to the mechanical packaging of the VPF. Forexample, the VPF parameter ranges disclosed herein account forlimitations (e.g., bearing stress) and thus allow for adequatemechanical integration. One particularly advantageous aspect of theinventor's discovery is that the VPF parameters can be utilized witheither unducted or ducted fan designs.

There are two VPF parameters that the inventors discovered to be ofparticular significance. The first VPF parameter is defined as thehub-to-tip radius ratio of the fan (“RR”) divided by the fan pressureratio (“FPR”) measured at a static sea-level takeoff operatingcondition. The second VPF parameter is defined as the bearing spanwiseforce of the fan (“F_span”) at a redline operating condition measured inpounds force divided by the fan area (“F_area”) measured in squareinches.

As used herein, fan radius ratio is defined as the fan hub radius(R_hub) divided by the fan tip radius (R_tip), both measured at theleading edge of the fan blades from the fan rotation axis. An exemplaryfan comprising the various dimensions is depicted in FIG. 19 . In someexamples, the fan radius ratio is within a range of 0.125-0.55. In otherexamples, the fan radius ratio is within a range of 0.2-0.5. Inparticular examples, the fan radius ratio is within a range of0.25-0.35.

Fan pressure ratio is defined as the ratio of total pressures across thefan (exit/inlet) during a static sea-level takeoff (SLTO) operatingcondition. In some examples, the fan pressure ratio at a staticsea-level takeoff operating condition is within a range of 1.05-1.5. Inother examples, the fan pressure ratio at a static sea-level takeoffoperating condition is within a range of 1.05-1.15, which (in certaininstances) can correspond to an unducted fan. In particular examples,the fan pressure ratio at a static sea-level takeoff operating conditionis within a range of 1.2-1.4, which (in certain instances) cancorrespond to a ducted fan.

Bearing spanwise force (F_span) of a fan blade is defined as (mass ofthe fan blade/386.4)*R_cg*ω², where R_cg is the radius of the center ofgravity of the fan blade measured from the fan rotation axis (inches),and ω is a redline speed of the fan measured in radians/second. Thecenter of gravity and thus the R_cg can be calculated or approximated invarious ways. As one example, R_cg can be approximated by the followingequation: R_hub+⅓*(R_tip−R_hub). F_span is measured in pounds force(lbf). In some examples, F_span is within a range of 20,000-200,000 lbfat a redline operating condition. In other examples, F_span is within arange of 50,000-100,000 lbf at a redline operating condition.

The fan blade area (F_area) equals π*(R_tip²−R_hub²), which results inan area in square inches. In some examples, F_area is within a range of3,000-25,000 in². In other examples, F_area is within a range of5,000-15,000 in². In particular examples, F_area is within a range of4,000-8,000 in².

It should be noted that the terms of “Fan Center of Gravity,” “FanMass,” “F_Span,” and “Fan_Area” are for any one fan blade of an engine.Therefore, it should be noted that the values of “Fan Center ofGravity,” “Fan Mass,” “F_Span,” and “Fan_Area” listed herein (e.g., inthe table of FIGS. 25-26 , other examples, and the claims) apply to anyone fan blade of the engine.

As depicted in FIG. 12 , in some examples, a VPF can be configured suchthat the first VPF parameter (i.e., RR/FPR) is or is about 0.10-0.40 andthe second VPF parameter (i.e., F_span/Fan_area) is or is about 1-30lbf/in². These ranges apply to both ducted and unducted engines.

As depicted in FIG. 13 , in some examples, a VPF can be configured suchthat the first VPF parameter is or is about 0.20-0.40 and the second VPFparameter is or is about 1-30 lbf/in².

As depicted in FIG. 14 , in some examples, a VPF can be configured suchthat the first VPF parameter is or is about 0.15-0.30 and the second VPFparameter is or is about 1-30 lbf/in².

As depicted in FIG. 15 , in some embodiments, a VPF can be configuredsuch that the first VPF parameter is or is about 0.10-0.25 and thesecond VPF parameter is or is about 1-30 lbf/in².

Referring now to FIG. 16 , in some examples, a VPF can be configuredsuch that the first VPF parameter is or is about 0.1-0.25 and the secondVPF parameter is or is about 1-30 lbf/in² or such that the first VPFparameter is or is about 0.1-0.4 and a second VPF factor is or is about5.25-30 lbf/in².

With reference to FIG. 17 , in some examples, a VPF can be configuredsuch that the first VPF parameter is or is about 0.1-0.4 and the secondVPF parameter is or is about 5.25-30 lbf/in². This range of VPFparameters can, for example, be particularly advantageous for ductedfans.

With reference to FIG. 18 , in some examples, a VPF can be configuredsuch that the first VPF parameter is or is about 0.25-0.4 and the secondVPF parameter is or is about 5.25-30 lbf/in².

As shown in FIG. 19 , in some examples, a VPF can be configured suchthat the first VPF parameter is or is about 0.1-0.25 and the second VPFparameter is or is about 5.25-30 lbf/in².

As depicted in FIG. 20 , in some examples, a VPF can be configured suchthat the first VPF parameter is or is about 0.10-0.40 and the second VPFparameter is or is about 1-5.25 lbf/in². This range of VPF parameterscan, for example, be particularly advantageous for unducted fans.

As depicted in FIG. 21 , in some examples, a VPF can be configured suchthat the first VPF parameter is or is about 0.20-0.40 and the second VPFparameter is or is about 1-5.25 lbf/in². This range can, for example,include fans with relatively high radius ratio. In some instances, thesemay be unducted fans. Configuring a fan such that it is within the rangedepicted in FIG. 21 can, for example, enable increased pitch changemechanism design space to help improve durability pitch change mechanismand/or improve compatibility with the gearbox.

As depicted in FIG. 22 , in some examples, a VPF can be configured suchthat the first VPF parameter is or is about 0.10-0.30 and the second VPFparameter is or is about 1-5.25 lbf/in².

As depicted in FIG. 23 , in some examples, a VPF can be configured suchthat the first VPF parameter is or is about 0.15-0.30 and the second VPFparameter is or is about 1-5.25 lbf/in².

Referring to FIG. 24 , in some examples, a VPF can be configured suchthat the first VPF parameter is or is about 0.1-0.25 and the second VPFparameter is or is about 1-5.25 lbf/in².

FIG. 25 comprises a table listing a plurality of exemplary ductedengines with a variable pitch fan, and FIG. 26 comprises a table listinga plurality of exemplary unducted engines with a variable pitch fan. Theexample engines of FIGS. 25-26 comprise first VPF parameters (i.e.,RR/FPR) and second VPF parameters (i.e., F_span/Fan_area) that fallwithin one or more of the disclosed ranges of first and second VPFparameters depicted in FIGS. 12-24 . FIGS. 25-26 also depicts variousother parameters of the VPFs. It should be noted that in FIGS. 25-26 thefan tip speeds, fan redline speed (ω), and bearing spanwise force of thefan (F_span) are listed at a redline operating condition, and the fanpressure ratio (FPR) is listed at a static sea-level takeoff operatingcondition.

Thus, the exemplary engines listed in FIGS. 25-26 each define a variablepitch fan compatible with achieving, for example, a particular weight,size, and/or drag requirement, and/other factors relevant to themechanical packaging of the engine. As discussed earlier, the disclosedengines and their VPFs account for other limitations (e.g., bearingstress), thereby allowing for adequate mechanical integration. Asindicated in FIGS. 25-26 , the disclosed VPF parameters are applicableto both unducted and ducted VPF designs. As explained earlier anddemonstrated further in FIGS. 25-26 , the relationship of the VPFparameters to turbomachinery embodiments discovered by the inventorsprovides a relatively quick and straightforward way of determining thefeasibility of a particular VPF design. Accordingly, the inventor'sdisclosed methods and VPF parameters can improve the design of ductedand unducted turbomachinery engines.

The fan blades disclosed herein (e.g., the fan blades 108, 208, 330,408, and the fan blades listed in FIGS. 25-26 ) can comprise variousmaterials. For example, in some instances, a fan can comprise a metalalloy. In some instances, the metal alloy can comprise aluminum,lithium, titanium, and/or other suitable metals for fan blades. In someinstances, a fan can comprise composite material. In some examples, afan can comprise a metal alloy core and a composite cover.

Various pitch change mechanisms can be adopted for varying fan bladepitch for the examples disclosed herein (e.g., those in FIGS. 25-26 ).These pitch change mechanisms can comprise various components includingactuators, kinematic mechanisms, counterweights, pitch-lockingmechanisms, and blade bearings.

In some examples, an actuator can comprise one or more of rotary motionand linear motion. In some instances, an actuator can be drivenhydraulically and/or electrically. In some examples, an actuator canreside on an engine centerline axis. In some examples, an actuator canreside offset from an engine centerline axis.

Various kinematic mechanisms can be used. For example, adjustablelinkages with a unison ring to a blade crank can be used. In someexamples, an actuator yoke to a blade crank can be used. In someexamples, a quill shaft driven via gears to blade root, in unison orindividually, can be used.

Various types of counterweights can be used. For example, in someinstances, counterweights directly mounted to the blade root can beused. In some examples, counterweights in a remote position, driven bygears can be used. In some examples, counterweights with a remoteposition, driven by levers and linkages can be used.

Various pitch-locking mechanisms can be used. In some examples, apitch-locking mechanism comprises a ball-screw mechanism. In someexamples, pitch-locking is accomplished via hydraulic chambermanipulation. In some examples, a pitch-locking mechanism includeslocking via a clutch plate.

Various types of blade bearing can be used in a pitch change mechanism.For example, a duplex combination of tapered roller, spherical roller,and/or ball bearings can be used. In some instances, a preloading deviceabove, below, or between the bearing pair can be used. The bearings cancomprise various materials including metal (e.g., steel) and/or ceramic.

A variable pitch fan can comprise a plurality of fan blades. Each of thefan blades can be rotatably attached to a disk about respective pitchaxes, and the disk may be rotatable about a central axis by the one ormore shafts of the core. For example, each fan blade can be attached toa trunnion mechanism which extends through an individual disk segment ofthe disk. The trunnion mechanism can, in turn, be retained within arespective disk segment by a keyed connection. For example, the trunnionmechanism may define a key slot and the disk segment may include asupport surface. A key positioned in the key slot interacts with the keyslot and the support surface to retain the trunnion mechanism within therespective disk segments.

Referring now to FIGS. 28-29 , a variable pitch fan assembly 1200 willbe described in greater detail. The variable pitch fan assembly 1200 canbe used with any of the engines disclosed herein. The variable pitch fanassembly 1200 (also referred to herein as “the fan 1200”) comprises aplurality of fan blades 1202 and a disk 1204. FIG. 28 provides aperspective view of the fan 1200. FIG. 29 provides a perspective view ofthe disk 1204.

In the depicted example, the fan 1200 includes twelve (12) fan blades1204. Various other fan blade counts can be used. In some examples, thefan 1200 can be configured as an open rotor and comprise 8-16 fanblades. In some examples, the fan 1200 can be configured as a ductedrotor and comprise 16-22 fan blades.

The fan 1200 can have a diameter of 72-216 inches. In some examples, thefan 1200 can have a diameter of 100-200 inches. In some examples, thefan 1200 can have a diameter of 120-190 inches. In some examples, thefan 1200 can have a diameter of 72-120 inches. In some examples, the fan1200 can have a diameter of 80-100 inches. In some examples, the fan1200 can have a diameter of 50-80 inches.

The fan 1200 may have any suitable blade count and any suitablediameter, including those explicitly disclosed herein.

Referring to FIG. 29 , the disk 1204 includes a plurality of disksegments 1206 that are rigidly coupled together or integrally moldedtogether in a generally annular shape (e.g., a polygonal shape). Eachfan blade 1202 is coupled to a respective disk segment 1206 at atrunnion mechanism 1208 that facilitates retaining the fan blade 1202 onthe disk 1204 during rotation of disk 1204 (i.e., the trunnion mechanism1208 facilitates providing a load path to disk 1204 for the centrifugalload generated by the fan blades 1202 during rotation about an enginecenterline axis), while still rendering its associated fan blade 1202rotatable relative to disk 1204 about pitch axis P (FIG. 32 ).

Referring now to FIGS. 30-33 , an individual disk segment 1206 andtrunnion mechanism 1208 in accordance with an example is depicted. Morespecifically, FIG. 30 provides an assembled perspective view of theexemplary disk segment 1206 and trunnion mechanism 1208. FIG. 31provides an exploded, perspective view of the exemplary disk segment1206 and trunnion mechanism 1208. FIG. 32 provides a side,cross-sectional view of the exemplary disk segment 1206 and trunnionmechanism 1208. FIG. 33 provides a close up, cross-sectional view of theexemplary disk segment 1206 and trunnion mechanism 1208.

In the exemplary embodiment depicted, each trunnion mechanism 1208extends through its associated disk segment 1206 and includes: acoupling nut 1210; a lower bearing support 1212; a first line contactbearing 1214 (having, for example, an inner race 1216, an outer race1218, and a plurality of rollers 1220); a snap ring 1222; a key hoopretainer 1224; a key 1226; a bearing support 1228; a second line contactbearing 1230 (having, for example, an inner race 1232, an outer race1234, and a plurality of rollers 1236); and a trunnion 1238 whichreceives a dovetail 1240 of a fan blade 1202. In alternativeembodiments, however, the trunnion 1238 may be integrated into a hub ofthe fan blade 1202 as a spar attachment or an additional key may beinserted into overlapping openings of the hub of the fan blade 1202 andtrunnion 1238 to form a pinned root. For use as bearings 1214, 1230, atleast the following types of line contacting type rolling elementbearings are contemplated: cylindrical roller bearings; cylindricalroller thrust bearings; tapered roller bearings; spherical rollerbearings; spherical roller thrust bearings; needle roller bearings; andtapered roller needle bearings. Additionally, the bearings may be formedof any suitable material, such as a suitable stainless steel or othermetal material, or alternatively of any suitable nonferrous material.

Referring particularly to FIG. 32 , in the exemplary embodimentdepicted, the first line contact bearing 1214 is oriented at a differentangle than the second line contact bearing 1230. More specifically, linecontact bearings 1214, 1230 are preloaded against one another in aface-to-face (or duplex) arrangement, wherein centerline axes of thebearings 1214, 1230 are oriented substantially perpendicular to oneanother.

It should be appreciated, however, that in other exemplary embodiments,the line contact bearings 1214, 1230 may instead be arranged in tandemso as to be oriented substantially parallel to one another. It shouldalso be appreciated that in other exemplary embodiments, the trunnionmechanism 1208 may additionally or alternatively include any othersuitable type of bearing, formed of any suitable material. For example,in other exemplary embodiments, the trunnion mechanism 1208 may includeroller ball bearings or any other suitable bearing.

When assembled, the coupling nut 1210 is threadably engaged with disksegment 1206 so as to sandwich the remaining components of trunnionmechanism 1208 between coupling nut 1210 and disk segment 1206, therebyretaining trunnion mechanism 1208 attached to disk segment 1206.Moreover, as is depicted, the individual disk segment 1206 and trunnionmechanism 1208 depicted includes a keyed configuration for carrying acentrifugal load of the fan blade 1202 during operation. The centrifugalload, which may generally be a function of a mass of the fan blade 1202and a rotational speed of the fan blade 1202, can be relatively highduring operation of the fan 1200 of the engine.

Additional details of the variable pitch fan 1200 and its pitch changemechanism can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 10,100,653, which isincorporated by reference.

FIG. 33 is a side elevation view of a variable pitch fan assembly 1300including an integrated pitch change mechanism (PCM) actuator assembly1302. The variable pitch fan assembly 1300 (which can also be referredto as “the fan 1300”) can be used with any of the engines disclosedherein. The PCM actuator assembly 1302 comprises a hydraulic actuationmechanism. The fan 1300 includes the integrated PCM actuator assembly1302, an epicyclic gearbox 1304, a power engine rotor 1306, a stationaryhydraulic fluid transfer sleeve 1308, and a hub assembly 1310. Hubassembly 1310 includes a unison ring 1312, a plurality of fan bladetrunnion yokes 1314, a plurality of trunnion assemblies 1316, and aplurality of fan blades 1316. In some embodiments, a low-pressure shaftis fixedly coupled to epicyclic gearbox 1304 which is rotationallycoupled to power engine rotor 1306. Power engine rotor 1306 isrotationally coupled to hub assembly 1310 and integrated PCM actuatorassembly 1302 which is rotationally coupled to unison ring 1312 throughintegrated PCM actuator assembly 1302. Hub assembly 1310 is rotationallycoupled to fan blades 1318. Unison rings 1312 are rotationally coupledto fan blade trunnion yokes 1314 which are rotationally coupled totrunnion assemblies 1316. Trunnion assemblies 1316 are rotationallycoupled to fan blades 1318. Stationary hydraulic fluid transfer sleeve1308 is coupled to supports within epicyclic gearbox 1304 andcircumscribes integrated PCM actuator assembly 1302. Stationaryhydraulic fluid transfer sleeve 1308 is coupled in flow communicationwith integrated PCM actuator assembly 1302.

In operation, the low-pressure shaft is configured to rotate a pluralityof gears within epicyclic gearbox 1304 which are configured to rotatepower engine rotor 1306. Power engine rotor 1306 is configured to rotateintegrated PCM actuator assembly 1302 which is configured to rotateunison rings 1312. Unison ring 1312 is configured to rotate fan bladetrunnion yokes 1314 which are configured to rotate trunnion assemblies1316. Trunnion assemblies 1316 are configured to rotate fan blades 1318about their respective axis. Stationary hydraulic fluid transfer sleeve1308 is configured to remain stationary while integrated PCM actuatorassembly 1302 is configured to rotate along with the fan module.

Stationary hydraulic fluid transfer sleeve 1308 is coupled in flowcommunication with integrated PCM actuator assembly 1302. Hydraulicfluid pressure from stationary hydraulic fluid transfer sleeve 1308actuates integrated PCM actuator assembly 1302 which rotates unison ring1312 about a radially extending pitch axis of rotation 1320. Unison ring1312 translates fan blade trunnion yokes 1314 along an arcuate path,which rotate respective trunnion assemblies 1316 about radiallyextending pitch axis of rotation 1320. Trunnion assemblies 1316 areconfigured to rotate fan blades 1318 about radially extending pitch axisof rotation 1320.

Additional details regarding the fan 1300 and the hydraulic PCM 1302 canbe found in U.S. Pat. No. 10,393,137, which is incorporated byreference.

FIG. 34 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a variable pitch fanassembly 1400, which can be used with any one of the engines disclosedherein. Fan assembly 1400 includes a plurality of blades 1402 (thoughonly one blade is 1402 is shown in FIG. 34 ) mounted on a rotatableframe 1404. More specifically, blades 1402 are retained within bladeretention mechanisms 1405 of an annular fan hub 1406. Moreover, blades1402 are disposed symmetrically about a shaft 1407 (e.g., a low-pressureshaft). Shaft 1407 defines a shaft axis 1408, which is co-axial with anengine centerline. Accordingly, shaft axis 1208 may be referred toherein as “engine centerline axis 1408.” Fan assembly 1400 furtherincludes a pitch control mechanism (PCM) 1410 for controlling a pitch ofblades 1402. PCM 1410 includes a single master hydraulic actuator 1412positioned axisymmetric with respect to centerline 1408 and fan assembly1400. In the illustrated embodiment, hydraulic actuator 1412 is a rotaryactuator configured to rotate about an axis defined by engine centerline1408, as indicated by arrow 1414. In one embodiment, hydraulic actuator1414 circumscribes shaft 1407.

Hydraulic actuator 1412 is configured to angularly displace blades 1402of fan assembly 1400 between a first position and a second position.More specifically, hydraulic actuator 1412 drives rotation of blades1402 about respective pitch axes 1416. In the illustrated embodiment,hydraulic actuator 1412 is configured to angularly displace blades 1402upon rotation of hydraulic actuator 1412. The angular displacement ofblades 1402 around pitch axes 1416 is indicated generally by arrow 1418.

PCM 1410 also includes a hydraulic fluid transfer system 1411, includinga power gearbox 1436 configured to drive hydraulic fluid (e.g.,hydraulic oil) through shaft 1407 to hydraulic actuator 1412. Gearbox1436 may be a star gearbox, such that hydraulic fluid is channeledtherethrough, a planetary gearbox, in which the hydraulic is transferredtherearound, or another suitable gearbox configuration (including thosedisclosed herein). Hydraulic fluid transfer system 1411 also includes ahydraulic fluid transfer sleeve 1420, such as, for example, a hydraulicoil transfer “slip ring,” in fluid communication with gearbox 1436.Hydraulic transfer sleeve 1420 includes a stationary member 1422, fixedrelative to fan assembly 1400, and a rotatable member 1424, whichrotates with hydraulic actuator 1412. Hydraulic fluid transfer sleeve1420 is configured to transfer a flow of pressurized hydraulic fluid,for example, hydraulic oil, across a gap 1426 between stationary member1422 and rotatable member 1424. In the example embodiment, PCM 1410further includes a plurality of hydraulic fluid supply lines 1428coupled in flow communication between hydraulic actuator 1412 andhydraulic fluid transfer sleeve 1420. The plurality of fluid supplylines 1428 includes a first supply line 1430, configured to channelpressurized fluid to hydraulic actuator 1412 to increase pitch of blades1402, a second supply line 1432, configured to channel pressurized fluidto hydraulic actuator 1412 to decrease pitch of blades 1402, and a thirdsupply line 1434 configured to facilitate draining at least a portion ofhydraulic actuator 1412.

PCM 1410 includes a remote counterweight system 1440. Remotecounterweight system 1440 includes a plurality of counterweights 1442configured to affect a position of blades 1402, for example, when fluidpressure in PCM 1410 is outside a predetermined range. Remotecounterweight system 1440 is remote from blade retention mechanisms1405.

Additional details regarding the fan 1400 and its PCM 1410 can be foundin U.S. Pat. No. 10,533,436, which is incorporated by reference.

This written description uses examples to disclose the technology,including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in theart to practice the disclosed technology, including making and using anydevices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. Thepatentable scope of the disclosed technology is defined by the claims,and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art.Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims ifthey include structural elements that do not differ from the literallanguage of the claims, or if they include equivalent structuralelements with insubstantial differences from the literal language of theclaims.

Further aspects of the disclosure are provided by the subject matter ofthe following examples:

Example 1. A turbomachinery engine comprising a fan assembly, a pitchchange mechanism, a vane assembly, a core engine, and a gearbox. The fanassembly includes a plurality of fan blades, a first VPF parameter, anda second VPF parameter. The first VPF parameter is defined by a fanblade radius ratio (RR) divided by a fan pressure ratio (FPR) at astatic sea-level takeoff operating condition. The second VPF parameteris defined by a bearing spanwise force (F_Span) at a redline operatingcondition measured in pounds force divided by a fan area (F_Area)measured in square inches. The first VPF parameter is within a range of0.1 to 0.25 and the second VPF parameter is within a range of 2-30lbf/in², or the first VPF parameter is within a range of 0.1 to 0.4 andthe second VPF parameter is within a range of 5.25-30 lbf/in². The pitchchange mechanism is coupled to the plurality of fan blades andconfigured for adjusting a pitch of the plurality of fan blades. Thevane assembly includes a plurality of vanes disposed aft of the fanblades. The core engine includes one or more compressor sections and oneor more turbine sections. The gearbox includes an input and an output.The input is coupled to the one or more turbine sections of the coreengine and comprises a first rotational speed, and the output is coupledto the fan assembly and has a second rotational speed which is less thanthe first rotational speed.

Example 2. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly example 1, wherein the plurality of fan blades is 8-20 fanblades.

Example 3. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly example 1 or example 2, wherein the plurality of fan bladesis 12-16 fan blades.

Example 4. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 1-3, wherein the plurality of fanblades is exactly 12-14 fan blades.

Example 5. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 1-4, wherein the RR is within a rangeof 0.125-0.55.

Example 6. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 1-5, wherein the RR is within a rangeof 0.2-0.5.

Example 7. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 1-6, wherein the RR is within a rangeof 0.25-0.35.

Example 8. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 1-6, wherein the RR is within a rangeof 0.25-0.3.

Example 9. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 1-8, wherein the FPR at the staticsea-level takeoff operating condition is within a range of 1.05-1.5.

Example 10. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 1-9, wherein the FPR at the staticsea-level takeoff operating condition is within a range of 1.05-1.15.

Example 11. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 1-9, wherein the FPR at the staticsea-level takeoff operating condition is within a range of 1.2-1.4.

Example 12. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 1-11, wherein the F_Span at the redlineoperating condition is within a range of 20,000-200,000 lbf.

Example 13. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 1-12, wherein the F_Span at the redlineoperating condition is within a range of 100,000-175,000 lbf.

Example 14. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 1-12, wherein the F_Span at the redlineoperating condition is within a range of 50,000-100,000 lbf.

Example 15. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly example 14, wherein the F_Span at the redline operatingcondition is within a range of 65,000-85,000 lbf.

Example 16. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 1-15, wherein the F_Area is within arange of 3,000-25,000 in².

Example 17. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 1-16, wherein the F_Area is within arange of 15,000-20,000 in².

Example 18. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly example 17, wherein the F_Area is within a range of17,000-18,000 in².

Example 19. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 1-16, wherein the F_Area is within arange of 3,000-10,000 in².

Example 20. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly example 18, wherein the F_Area is within a range of4,000-7,000 in².

Example 21. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 1-20, wherein a fan blade tip speed ofthe fan assembly at a redline operating condition is within a range of700-1,400 ft/s.

Example 22. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly example 21, wherein the fan blade tip speed of the fanassembly at a redline operating condition is within a range of 800-950ft/s.

Example 23. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly example 21, wherein the fan blade tip speed of the fanassembly at a redline operating condition is within a range of1,000-1,200 ft/s.

Example 24. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 1-23, wherein the gearbox comprises agear ratio of 4.1-14, wherein the gear ratio is defined by the firstrotational speed divided by the second rotational speed.

Example 25. A turbomachinery engine comprises a fan assembly, a coreengine, and a gearbox. The fan assembly includes a plurality of variablepitch fan blades, a first VPF parameter, and a second VPF parameter. Thefirst VPF parameter is defined by a fan blade radius ratio (RR) dividedby a fan pressure ratio (FPR) at a static sea-level takeoff operatingcondition. The second VPF parameter is defined by a bearing spanwiseforce (F_Span) at a redline operating condition measured in pounds forcedivided by a fan area (F_Area) measured in square inches. The first VPFparameter is within a range of 0.1 to 0.25, and the second VPF parameteris within a range of 2-30 lbf/in². The core engine includes one or morecompressor sections and one or more turbine sections. The gearboxincludes an input and an output. The input is coupled to the one or moreturbine sections of the core engine and comprises a first rotationalspeed, and the output is coupled to the fan assembly and has a secondrotational speed, which is less than the first rotational speed.

Example 26. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly example 25, further comprising a pitch change mechanismcoupled to the plurality of variable pitch fan blades and configured foradjusting a pitch of the plurality of variable pitch fan blades.

Example 27. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly example 26, wherein the pitch change mechanism is a linearactuated pitch change mechanism.

Example 28. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 25-27, wherein the plurality of fanblades is 10-18 fan blades.

Example 29. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 25-28, wherein the plurality of fanblades is 12-14 fan blades.

Example 30. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 25-29, wherein the plurality of fanblades is exactly 14 fan blades.

Example 31. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 25-30, wherein the RR is within a rangeof 0.125-0.55.

Example 32. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 25-31, wherein the RR is within a rangeof 0.2-0.5.

Example 33. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 25-31, wherein the RR is within a rangeof 0.25-0.35.

Example 34. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 25-33, wherein the FPR at the staticsea-level takeoff operating condition is within a range of 1.05-1.5.

Example 35. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 25-34, wherein the FPR at the staticsea-level takeoff operating condition is 1.05-1.15.

Example 36. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 25-34, wherein the FPR at the staticsea-level takeoff operating condition is within a range of 1.20-1.40.

Example 37. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 25-36, wherein the F_Span at theredline operating condition is within a range of 20,000-200,000 lbf.

Example 38. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 25-37, wherein the F_Span at theredline operating condition is within a range of 60,000-90,000 lbf.

Example 39. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 25-37, wherein the F_Span at theredline operating condition is within a range of 100,000-150,000 lbf.

Example 40. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 25-39, wherein the F_Area is within arange of 3,000-25,000 in².

Example 41. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 25-40, wherein the F_Area is within arange of 16,000-18,000 in².

Example 42. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 25-40, wherein the F_Area is within arange of 5,500-6,500 in².

Example 43. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 25-42, wherein a fan blade tip speed ofthe fan assembly at a redline operating condition is within a range of800-1,200 ft/s.

Example 44. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 25-43, wherein the gearbox comprises agear ratio of 6:1 to 11:1, and wherein the gear ratio is defined by thefirst rotational speed divided by the second rotational speed.

Example 45. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 25-44, wherein the second VPF parameteris within a range of 2.0-5.25 lbf/in².

Example 46. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 25-44, wherein the second VPF parameteris within a range of 5.25-30 lbf/in².

Example 47. A turbomachinery engine comprises a fan assembly, a coreengine, and a gearbox. The fan assembly includes a plurality of variablepitch fan blades, a first VPF parameter, and a second VPF parameter. Thefirst VPF parameter is defined by a fan blade radius ratio (RR) dividedby a fan pressure ratio (FPR) at a static sea-level takeoff operatingcondition. The second VPF parameter is defined by a bearing spanwiseforce (F_Span) at a redline operating condition measured in pounds forcedivided by a fan area (F_Area) measured in square inches. The first VPFparameter is within a range of 0.10 to 0.40, and the second VPFparameter is within a range of 5.25-30 lbf/in². The core engine includesone or more compressor sections and one or more turbine sections. Thegearbox includes an input and an output. The input is coupled to the oneor more turbine sections of the core engine and comprises a firstrotational speed, and the output is coupled to the fan assembly and hasa second rotational speed, which is less than the first rotationalspeed.

Example 48. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly example 47, further comprising a linear actuated pitchchange mechanism coupled to the fan assembly and configured foradjusting a pitch of the plurality of variable pitch fan blades.

Example 49. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 47-48, wherein the plurality of fanblades is 12-16 fan blades.

Example 50. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 47-49, wherein the plurality of fanblades is 12-14 fan blades.

Example 51. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 47-50, wherein the RR is within a rangeof 0.125-0.55.

Example 52. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 47-51, wherein the RR is within a rangeof 0.2-0.5.

Example 53. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 47-51, wherein the RR is within a rangeof 0.25-0.35.

Example 54. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 47-53, wherein the FPR at the staticsea-level takeoff operating condition is within a range of 1.05-1.5.

Example 55. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 47-54, wherein the FPR at the staticsea-level takeoff operating condition is within a range of 1.05-1.15.

Example 56. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 47-54, wherein the FPR at the staticsea-level takeoff operating condition is within a range of 1.2-1.4.

Example 57. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 47-56, wherein the F_Span at theredline operating condition is within a range of 20,000-200,000 lbf.

Example 58. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 47-57, wherein the F_Span at theredline operating condition is within a range of 140,000-183,000 lbf.

Example 59. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 47-57, wherein the F_Span at theredline operating condition is within a range of 50,000-75,000 lbf.

Example 60. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 47-59, wherein the F_Area is within arange of 3,500-18,000 in².

Example 61. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 47-60, wherein the F_Area is within arange of 15,000-18,000 in².

Example 62. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 47-60, wherein the F_Area is within arange of 4,000-5,500 in².

Example 63. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 47-62, wherein a fan blade tip speed ofthe fan assembly at a redline operating condition is within a range of800-950 ft/s.

Example 64. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 47-63, wherein the gearbox comprises agear ratio of 4.5:1 to 12:1.

Example 65. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 47-64, wherein the first VPF parameteris within a range of 0.10 to 0.25.

Example 66. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 47-64, wherein the first VPF parameteris within a range of 0.25 to 0.40.

Example 67. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, furthercomprising a third stream.

Example 68. A variable pitch fan assembly for a turbomachinery enginecan be provided. The variable pitch fan assembly includes a plurality ofvariable pitch fan blades, a fan blade radius ratio (RR), a fan pressureratio (FPR) at a static sea-level takeoff operating condition, a bearingspanwise force (F_Span) at a redline operating condition measured inpounds force, and a fan area (F_Area) measured in square inches. Thevariable pitch fan assembly is configured such that the RR divided bythe FPR is within a range of 0.10-0.25 and the F_Span divided by theF_Area is within a range of 2.0-30.0 lbf/in².

Example 69. The variable pitch fan assembly of any example herein, andparticularly example 68, wherein the F_Span divided by the F_Area iswithin a range of 2-5.25 lbf/in².

Example 70. The variable pitch fan assembly of any example herein, andparticularly example 68, wherein the F_Span divided by the F_Area iswithin a range of 5.25-30 lbf/in².

Example 71. A variable pitch fan assembly for a turbomachinery enginecan be provided. The variable pitch fan assembly includes a plurality ofvariable pitch fan blades, a fan blade radius ratio (RR), a fan pressureratio (FPR) at a static sea-level takeoff operating condition, a bearingspanwise force (F_Span) at a redline operating condition measured inpounds force, and a fan area (F_Area) measured in square inches. Thevariable pitch fan assembly is configured such that the RR divided bythe FPR is within a range of 0.10-0.40 and the F_Span divided by theF_Area is within a range of 5.25-30.0 lbf/in².

Example 72. The variable pitch fan assembly of any example herein, andparticularly example 71, wherein the RR divided by the FPR is within arange of 0.1-0.25.

Example 73. The variable pitch fan assembly of any example herein, andparticularly example 71, wherein the RR divided by the FPR is within arange of 0.25-0.40.

Example 74. The variable pitch fan assembly of any example herein,wherein the fan blades are configured to be used with an unductedengine.

Example 75. The variable pitch fan assembly of any example herein,wherein the fan blades are configured to be used with a ducted engine.

Example 76. The variable pitch fan assembly of any example herein,wherein the fan blades are configured to be used with an enginecomprising a third stream.

Example 77. A turbomachinery engine comprising a fan assembly, a vaneassembly, a core engine, and a gearbox. The fan assembly includes aplurality of variable pitch fan blades, a first VPF parameter, and asecond VPF parameter. The first VPF parameter is within a range of0.10-0.40 and is defined by a fan blade radius ratio (RR) divided by afan pressure ratio (FPR) at a static sea-level takeoff operatingcondition. The second VPF parameter 1-30 lbf/in² and is defined by abearing spanwise force (F_Span) at a redline operating conditionmeasured in pounds force divided by a fan area (F_Area) measured insquare inches. The vane assembly includes a plurality of vanes disposedaft of the plurality of variable pitch fan blades. The core engineincludes one or more compressor sections and one or more turbinesections. The gearbox includes an input and an output. The input iscoupled to the one or more turbine sections of the core engine andcomprises a first rotational speed, and the output is coupled to the fanassembly and has a second rotational speed which is less than the firstrotational speed.

Example 78. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly example 77, wherein the first VPF parameter is within arange of 0.20 to 0.40.

Example 79. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly example 77, wherein the first VPF parameter is within arange of 0.15 to 0.30.

Example 80. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 77-79, wherein the second VPF parameteris within a range of 2-30 lbf/in².

Example 81. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 77-79, wherein the second VPF parameteris within a range of 1-5.25 lbf/in².

Example 82. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 77-79, wherein the second VPF parameteris within a range of 2-5.25 lbf/in².

Example 83. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 77-82, further comprising a pitchchange mechanism coupled to the plurality of variable pitch fan bladesand configured for adjusting a pitch of the plurality of variable pitchfan blades.

Example 84. A turbomachinery engine comprising a fan assembly, a coreengine, and a gearbox. The fan assembly includes a plurality of variablepitch fan blades, a first VPF parameter, and a second VPF parameter. Thefirst VPF parameter is within a range of 0.10-0.40 and is defined by afan blade radius ratio (RR) divided by a fan pressure ratio (FPR) at astatic sea-level takeoff operating condition. The second VPF parameteris within a range of 1.0-5.25 lbf/in² and is defined by a bearingspanwise force (F_Span) at a redline operating condition measured inpounds force divided by a fan area (F_Area) measured in square inches.The core engine includes one or more compressor sections and one or moreturbine sections. The gearbox includes an input and an output. The inputis coupled to the one or more turbine sections of the core engine andcomprises a first rotational speed. The output is coupled to the fanassembly and has a second rotational speed which is less than the firstrotational speed.

Example 85. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly example 84, further comprising a pitch change mechanismcoupled to the plurality of variable pitch fan blades and configured foradjusting a pitch of the plurality of variable pitch fan blades.

Example 86. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly example 85, wherein the pitch change mechanism comprises atleast one of a linear motion pitch change mechanism, a rotatory motionpitch change mechanism, a hydraulically driven pitch change mechanism,or an electrically driven pitch change mechanism.

Example 87. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly example 86, wherein the pitch change mechanism is disposedon an engine centerline axis.

Example 88. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly example 86, wherein the pitch change mechanism is offsetfrom an engine centerline axis.

Example 89. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 84-88, wherein the first VPF parameteris within a range of 0.20 to 0.40.

Example 90. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 84-88, wherein the first VPF parameteris within a range of 0.10 to 0.30.

Example 91. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 84-88, wherein the first VPF parameteris within a range of 0.15 to 0.30.

Example 92. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 84-88, wherein the first VPF parameteris within a range of 0.10 to 0.25.

Example 93. A turbomachinery engine comprising a fan assembly, a coreengine, and a gearbox. The fan assembly includes a plurality of variablepitch fan blades, a first VPF parameter, and a second VPF parameter. Thefirst VPF parameter is within a range of 0.15-0.39 and is defined by afan blade radius ratio (RR) divided by a fan pressure ratio (FPR) at astatic sea-level takeoff operating condition. The second VPF parameteris within a range of 2-27 lbf/in² and is defined by a bearing spanwiseforce (F_Span) at a redline operating condition measured in pounds forcedivided by a fan area (F_Area) measured in square inches. The coreengine includes one or more compressor sections and one or more turbinesections. The gearbox includes an input and an output. The input iscoupled to the one or more turbine sections of the core engine andcomprises a first rotational speed. The output is coupled to the fanassembly and has a second rotational speed which is less than the firstrotational speed.

Example 94. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly example 93, wherein the fan assembly is disposed within afan case, wherein the first VPF parameter is within a range of 0.2-0.36,and wherein the second VPF parameter is within a range of 5-27 lbf/in².

Example 95. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly example 93, wherein the fan assembly is an unducted fanassembly, and wherein the second VPF parameter is within a range of2-4.6 lbf/in².

Example 96. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 93-95, further comprising a pitchchange mechanism coupled to the plurality of variable pitch fan bladesand configured for adjusting a pitch of the plurality of variable pitchfan blades, and wherein the pitch change mechanism comprises at leastone of a linear motion pitch change mechanism, a rotatory motion pitchchange mechanism, a hydraulically driven pitch change mechanism, or anelectrically driven pitch change mechanism.

Example 97. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 77-96, wherein the plurality ofvariable pitch fan blades is 8-26 fan blades.

Example 98. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 77-96, wherein the plurality ofvariable pitch fan blades is 12-20 fan blades.

Example 99. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 77-96, wherein the plurality ofvariable pitch fan blades is exactly 12 fan blades.

Example 100. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 77-96, wherein the plurality ofvariable pitch fan blades is exactly 14 fan blades.

Example 101. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 77-96, wherein the plurality ofvariable pitch fan blades is exactly 16 fan blades.

Example 102. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 77-96 wherein the plurality of variablepitch fan blades is exactly 18 fan blades.

Example 103. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 77-96, wherein the plurality ofvariable pitch fan blades is exactly 20 fan blades.

Example 104. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 77-96, wherein the plurality ofvariable pitch fan blades is exactly 22 fan blades.

Example 105. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 77-96, wherein the plurality ofvariable pitch fan blades is exactly 24 fan blades.

Example 106. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 77-105, wherein the one or morecompressor sections of the core engine comprises a low-pressurecompressor having 1-8 stages and a high-pressure compressor comprising7-11 stages, and wherein the one or more turbine sections of the coreengine comprises a high-pressure turbine comprising 1-2 stages and alow-pressure turbine comprising 3-6 stages.

Example 107. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 77-105, wherein the one or morecompressor sections of the core engine comprises a low-pressurecompressor having 3-5 stages and a high-pressure compressor comprising9-10 stages, and wherein the one or more turbine sections of the coreengine comprises a high-pressure turbine comprising 2 stages and alow-pressure turbine comprising 3-4 stages.

Example 108. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 77-105, wherein the one or more turbinesections of the core engine comprises a high-pressure turbine comprisingexactly 2 stages and a low-pressure turbine comprising exactly 3 stages.

Example 109. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 77-105, wherein the one or more turbinesections of the core engine comprises a high-pressure turbine comprisingexactly 2 stages and a low-pressure turbine comprising exactly 4 stages.

Example 110. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 77-105 or examples 108-109, wherein theone or more compressor sections of the core engine comprises ahigh-pressure compressor comprising exactly 8 stages.

Example 111. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 77-105 or examples 108-109, wherein theone or more compressor sections of the core engine comprises ahigh-pressure compressor comprising exactly 9 stages.

Example 112. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 77-105 or examples 108-109, wherein theone or more compressor sections of the core engine comprises ahigh-pressure compressor comprising exactly 10 stages.

Example 113. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 77-105 or examples 108-109, wherein theone or more compressor sections of the core engine comprises ahigh-pressure compressor comprising exactly 11 stages.

Example 114. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 77-113, wherein the RR is within arange of 0.16-0.48.

Example 115. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 77-113, wherein the RR is within arange of 0.16-0.30.

Example 116. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 77-113, wherein the RR is within arange of 0.25-0.48.

Example 117. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 77-116, wherein the FPR is within arange of 1.25-1.35.

Example 118. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 77-116, wherein the FPR is within arange of 1.07-1.08.

Example 119. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 77-116, wherein the FPR is within arange of 1.07-1.35.

Example 120. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 77-119, wherein the F_Span is within arange of 37,459-81,293 lbf.

Example 121. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 77-119, wherein the F_Span is within arange of 36,626-182,593 lbf.

Example 122. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 77-123, wherein the F_Area is within arange of 4,000-7,000 in².

Example 123. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 77-123, wherein the F_Area is within arange of 12,000-25,000 in².

Example 124. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, andparticularly any one of examples 77-123, wherein the F_Area is within arange of 4,000-25,000 in².

1. A turbomachinery engine comprising: a fan assembly including aplurality of variable pitch fan blades, a first VPF parameter, and asecond VPF parameter, wherein: the first VPF parameter is within a rangeof 0.10-0.40 and is defined by a fan blade radius ratio (RR) divided bya fan pressure ratio (FPR) at a static sea-level takeoff operatingcondition; and the second VPF parameter is within a range of 1-30lbf/in² and is defined by a bearing spanwise force (F_Span) at a redlineoperating condition measured in pounds force divided by a fan area(F_Area) measured in square inches; a vane assembly including aplurality of vanes disposed aft of the plurality of variable pitch fanblades; a core engine including one or more compressor sections and oneor more turbine sections; and a gearbox including an input and anoutput, wherein the input is coupled to the one or more turbine sectionsof the core engine and comprises a first rotational speed, wherein theoutput is coupled to the fan assembly and has a second rotational speedwhich is less than the first rotational speed.
 2. The turbomachineryengine of claim 1, wherein the first VPF parameter is within a range of0.20 to 0.40.
 3. The turbomachinery engine of claim 1, wherein the firstVPF parameter is within a range of 0.15 to 0.30.
 4. The turbomachineryengine of claim 1, wherein the second VPF parameter is within a range of2-30 lbf/in².
 5. The turbomachinery engine of claim 1, wherein thesecond VPF parameter is within a range of 1-5.25 lbf/in².
 6. Theturbomachinery engine of claim 1, wherein the second VPF parameter iswithin a range of 2-5.25 lbf/in².
 7. The turbomachinery engine of claim1, further comprising a pitch change mechanism coupled to the pluralityof variable pitch fan blades and configured for adjusting a pitch of theplurality of variable pitch fan blades.
 8. A turbomachinery enginecomprising: a fan assembly including a plurality of variable pitch fanblades, a first VPF parameter, and a second VPF parameter, wherein: thefirst VPF parameter is within a range of 0.10-0.40 and is defined by afan blade radius ratio (RR) divided by a fan pressure ratio (FPR) at astatic sea-level takeoff operating condition; and the second VPFparameter is within a range of 1.0-5.25 lbf/in² and is defined by abearing spanwise force (F_Span) at a redline operating conditionmeasured in pounds force divided by a fan area (F_Area) measured insquare inches; a core engine including one or more compressor sectionsand one or more turbine sections; and a gearbox including an input andan output, wherein the input is coupled to the one or more turbinesections of the core engine and comprises a first rotational speed,wherein the output is coupled to the fan assembly and has a secondrotational speed which is less than the first rotational speed.
 9. Theturbomachinery engine of claim 8, further comprising a pitch changemechanism coupled to the plurality of variable pitch fan blades andconfigured for adjusting a pitch of the plurality of variable pitch fanblades.
 10. The turbomachinery engine of claim 9, wherein the pitchchange mechanism comprises at least one of a linear motion pitch changemechanism, a rotatory motion pitch change mechanism, a hydraulicallydriven pitch change mechanism, or an electrically driven pitch changemechanism.
 11. The turbomachinery engine of claim 10, wherein the pitchchange mechanism is disposed on an engine centerline axis.
 12. Theturbomachinery engine of claim 10, wherein the pitch change mechanism isoffset from an engine centerline axis.
 13. The turbomachinery engine ofclaim 8, wherein the first VPF parameter is within a range of 0.20 to0.40.
 14. The turbomachinery engine of claim 8, wherein the first VPFparameter is within a range of 0.10 to 0.30.
 15. The turbomachineryengine of claim 8, wherein the first VPF parameter is within a range of0.15 to 0.30.
 16. The turbomachinery engine of claim 8, wherein thefirst VPF parameter is within a range of 0.10 to 0.25.
 17. Aturbomachinery engine comprising: a fan assembly including a pluralityof variable pitch fan blades, a first VPF parameter, and a second VPFparameter, wherein: the first VPF parameter is within a range of0.15-0.39 and is defined by a fan blade radius ratio (RR) divided by afan pressure ratio (FPR) at a static sea-level takeoff operatingcondition; and the second VPF parameter is within a range of 2-27lbf/in² and is defined by a bearing spanwise force (F_Span) at a redlineoperating condition measured in pounds force divided by a fan area(F_Area) measured in square inches; a core engine including one or morecompressor sections and one or more turbine sections; and a gearboxincluding an input and an output, wherein the input is coupled to theone or more turbine sections of the core engine and comprises a firstrotational speed, wherein the output is coupled to the fan assembly andhas a second rotational speed which is less than the first rotationalspeed.
 18. The turbomachinery engine of claim 17, wherein the fanassembly is disposed within a fan case, wherein the first VPF parameteris within a range of 0.2-0.36, and wherein the second VPF parameter iswithin a range of 5-27 lbf/in².
 19. The turbomachinery engine of claim17, wherein the fan assembly is an unducted fan assembly, and whereinthe second VPF parameter is within a range of 2-4.6 lbf/in².
 20. Theturbomachinery engine of claim 17, further comprising a pitch changemechanism coupled to the plurality of variable pitch fan blades andconfigured for adjusting a pitch of the plurality of variable pitch fanblades, and wherein the pitch change mechanism comprises at least one ofa linear motion pitch change mechanism, a rotatory motion pitch changemechanism, a hydraulically driven pitch change mechanism, or anelectrically driven pitch change mechanism.